Public transit subsidies, output effect and total factor productivity

This paper extends previous works on total factor productivity decomposition when firms receive both operating and capital subsidies. It shows that previous works considered either the lump-sum or substitution effects of these subsidies but not together. Using constrained cost minimization as the framework it offers formal proofs to show that cost increases are inevitable if the total effects of the subsidies are considered, and that total factor productivity growth results from increasing amounts of subsidies under economies of scale and in the absence of technical change. Applications of the decomposition equations derived to a sample of transit systems finds near constant returns to scale and negative contributions of these subsidies to total factor productivity growth. Technical change reverses this decline and results in total factor productivity growth. Further, it finds that the lump-sum effects of the subsidies reduce total factor productivity more than does the substitution effect.     

浅谈工程项目成本管理的重要性

阐述了工程成本的构成,工程施工过程中的成本控制与管理。总结出合理的成本控制与管理是保证企业利益的根本,是企业可持续发展的基石。     

工程造价人员做好工程经济工作的新思路

工程造价控制是一项涉及立项、设计、施工、结算等内容的系统工程，采取的预防措施和控制手段应贯穿于工程项目建设的全过程。此文针对工程建设领域多年来存在的工程技术与经济分离的现象，从工程造价人员整体素质不高，在项目建设过程中参与的深度和广度不够，创新服务能力弱，急需改进和提高等方面进行分析与探讨，并提出工程造价人员要不断学习和掌握一定的工程技术，与设计人员密切配合，在提高编制概预算水平的基础上，向工程经济与技术相结合的模式发展，开创新理念的工作思路，这一思路可促使工程投资效益最大化。     

线路大修项目预算管理及成本控制

根据铁道部大修管理办法规定,结合实际存在的设计预算费用范围与部控定额不衔接,预算取费项目与施工组织及作业方式不对应,设计费用标准与财务规定不相符,设计预算未充分体现技术标准变化等问题,提出进行单价测算,确定控制目标;制定办法,明确标准,控制大修费用;与部定额比较,分析差异原因等线路大修项目预算管理和成本控制的思路和具体做法,取得了较好的实际效果。     

轿车保险杠的设计

轿车保险杠是轿车整体造型的重要组成部分，与周边零件的搭接关系十分密切，保险杠在造型和结构设计阶段要充分考虑制造可行性以及工艺实现的难易程度。文章介绍了几款车型的造型面和结构处理方式，以及一套模具满足不同配置要求的结构设计，表明了保险杠的造型和结构设计对整车优化工艺和降低成本的重要性，指出美观而合理的造型，能为制造和运输等工序提供良好基础，使成品率和稳定性得到提高。     

对于如何降低地铁成本的几点思考

就如何降低地铁成本从地铁的规划、设计、施工等几个方面谈了几点建议,相信对于城市轨道交通相关从事人员会有一定的参考意义。     

应用型本科院校中卓越工程师应具备的技能

针对应用型本科院校培养卓越工程师的要求,分析培养卓越工程师的条件及卓越工程师应具备的技能,即理论知识能力与实践技能的培养,开拓创新技能的培养,建设产学有机结合、校企共建的培养平台,使学生具有锐意进取的精神及较强人际交往、团队协作和沟通技能。     

丹东(国际)客运站基坑支护工程、降水工程施工过程中的造价控制

结合丹东(国际)客运站基坑支护、降水工程施工方案,阐述了施工过程中的造价控制方法,提出加强工程施工阶段造价控制是优化投资经济和技术组合、缓解建设资金的供求矛盾、降低工程成本、提高经济效益的有效途径。     

西北沙漠戈壁地区混凝土浇筑特殊养护措施费用分析

地处风沙、干旱地区的建设工程,自然环境条件恶劣,混凝土结构物经过浇筑后,需采取特殊养护措施,才能保证工程质量,从而造成费用增加.此文以处于沙漠戈壁地区的LX铁路部分区段为例,就铁路轨道支撑层、道床板和桥梁墩台采用特殊养护措施所需的材料和人工消耗及费用单价进行分析与计算,并与常规养护措施进行比较.说明采取特殊养护措施后相应费用的不足.应研究解决费用增加的方案。     

The cost of equity: Assessing transit accessibility and social disparity using total travel cost

Social equity is increasingly incorporated as a long-term objective into urban transportation plans. Researchers use accessibility measures to assess equity issues, such as determining the amount of jobs reachable by marginalized groups within a defined travel time threshold and compare these measures across socioeconomic categories. However, allocating public transit resources in an equitable manner is not only related to travel time, but also related to the out-of-pocket cost of transit, which can represent a major barrier to accessibility for many disadvantaged groups. Therefore, this research proposes a set of new accessibility measures that incorporates both travel time and transit fares. It then applies those measures to determine whether people residing in socially disadvantaged neighborhoods in Montreal, Canada experience the same levels of transit accessibility as those living in other neighborhoods. Results are presented in terms of regional accessibility and trends by social indicator decile. Travel time accessibility measures estimate a higher number of jobs that can be reached compared to combined travel time and cost measures. However, the degree and impact of these measures varies across the social deciles. Compared to other groups in the region, residents of socially disadvantaged areas have more equitable accessibility to jobs using transit; this is reflected in smaller decreases in accessibility when fare costs are included. Generating new measures of accessibility combining travel time and transit fares provides more accurate measures that can be easily communicated by transportation planners and engineers to policy makers and the public since it translates accessibility measures to a dollar value.