高速公路隧道突发事件应急管理研究

高速公路隧道应急管理研究目的在于完善隧道应急管理体制,在应急救援过程中提高应急救援效率,尽可能的减少人民群众生命财产损失。文章分析了应急管理体系、应急预案、应急演练以及应急新闻发布方面存在的问题,并提出灵活组合使用四种应急处置机制、加强应急救援演练等建议。     

常用应急抢险装备的合理选择和配备

我国自然灾害频发,地震、洪水、泥石流等灾害极容易对道路,房屋等建筑造成巨大的损坏,从而对抢险过程直接或间接地增加了难度。为了高效遂行抢险任务和提高抢险能力,就有必要提高处理交通基础设施的能力。而抢险设备的选择和合理的配置能够大大提高抢险任务效率。一方面,对于不同的抢险任务,有着不同的作业内容,其中所需要的抢险器械也各不相同。另一方面,同一种工程机械又有着不同的型号,各自又具有独特的技术性能和适用范围。一种机械可以完成多种作业,而一种作业又可以使用多种工程机械。因此如何对工程机械的选择以及合理的配置是本文的重点。     

Determinants of full and partial household evacuation decision making in hurricane matthew

This paper adds partial household evacuation to the traditional binary evacuate/stay decision. Based on data from a survey of Jacksonville, FL residents after Hurricane Matthew, multinomial (MNL) and random parameter MNL models were developed to determine the influential factors and whether some variables’ effects are more nuanced than prior literature suggests. The random parameter model was preferred to the fixed parameters model. Variables significant in this model included injury concern, certainty about hurricane impact location, age, marital status, family cohesion, and living in mobile or detached homes. Greater injury concern results in lower likelihood of none of the household evacuating and greater likelihood of partial evacuation, but lower likelihood of full household evacuation. Similarly, greater certainty about hurricane impact increased the probability of partial household evacuation but decreased the probability of full evacuation. Respondent age had heterogenous effects; for 85.54% of respondents, additional years of age increased the likelihood of the household staying. Married households had a higher likelihood of staying or evacuating together. Similarly, greater family cohesion was associated with the household remaining together. Living in mobile homes decreased the likelihood that all of the household stays or evacuates and increased the probability of partial household evacuation. Living in a single-family detached home was associated with lower likelihood of all of the household staying or evacuating and a greater likelihood of a partial household evacuation. These findings can inform strategies that influence full or partial household evacuations, material requirements based on these decisions, and ways to reduce family risk.     

上海世博会公共客运系统设计

世博参观游客交通的合理组织是办好世博会的关键问题之一。在总结上海世博会交通条件的基础上,提出以公共交通为核心的世博会客流集散策略,并采用由整体到局部系统化分析的方法,进行了世博公共交通系统的总体设计。基于世博游客集散的三条对策,以提高公共交通系统吸引力为目标,建立了世博公共交通系统的总体框架;接着就世博公共交通系统两个主要子系统“交通转换系统”和“EXPOBUS系统”,进行了系统的功能分析、服务流程分解和服务对象分类;最后梳理了系统设施需求,提出了各子系统的系统设计与规划方案。通过研究,期望能建立高效的、具有吸引力的公共交通系统,保障上海世博会的成功举办。     

新建崇礼铁路隧道紧急救援站设置研究

《铁路隧道防灾疏散救援工程设计规范》(TB10020-2017)完善修改了紧急救援站的设计标准及设置要求,即长度大于20 km的隧道或者隧道群应设置紧急救援站。根据条文解释,该处"20km"的长度限定是基于隧道纵坡不大于20‰。但实际工程中,往往存在隧道坡度或者综合坡度大于20‰且隧道长度小于20 km的工况,这种情况下隧道是否设置紧急救援站是亟需解决的问题。结合新建崇礼铁路隧道工程实例,研究隧道纵坡大于20‰且长度小于20 km时是否设置紧急救援站。研究表明,当隧道纵坡大于20‰且隧道长度小于20 km时,是否设置紧急救援站取决于列车上坡折减后的末速度。崇礼铁路陡坡段隧道和隧道群均不需要设置紧急救援站。     

考虑辅路缓冲的快速路紧急疏散最优控制

针对紧急疏散中单向需求激增的情况,提出利用地面辅路缓冲容纳部分疏散车流,从而降低快速路疏散的整体时空风险.基于宏观交通流模型建立了快速路疏散车流演化方程,明确了上匝道车速对主线车速的影响,从而实现经典宏观交通流模型对路网状态演变处理的一致性.针对由下匝道、地面并行道路和上匝道构成的地面辅路行程时间的二分特征,建立了相应的离散时间的流量演化方程.辅路系统方程不仅可以刻画地面辅路疏散车流的主要特征,而且能与已有快速路的状态演化系统实现无缝结合.数值分析表明,利用匝道控制和辅路分流两种手段可以实现系统整体时空疏散风险的最小化控制.     

地铁车站站台火灾影响分析与人员疏散研究

掌握地铁车站站台火灾对人员的危害性及其发展规律是确保安全运营和人员高效疏散的前提.本文在计算流体动力学的基础上,结合Pyrosim仿真软件构建地铁车站站台火灾仿真模型.分析了站台内火灾烟气的扩散规律,并在此基础上根据热释放速率、火源数量及位置,以及排烟速率的不同设计火灾场景,探索这些因素变化对火灾发展的影响,并结合通风策略对人员疏散时间和速度进行比较分析.所得研究结论为站台火灾发生时的应急措施和人员疏散提供依据.     

Collection, spillback, and dissipation in pedestrian evacuation: A network-based method

We present a method of predicting pedestrian route choice behavior and physical congestion during the evacuation of indoor areas with internal obstacles. Under the proposed method, a network is first constructed by discretizing the space into regular hexagonal cells and giving these cells potentials before a modified cell transmission model is employed to predict the evolution of pedestrian flow in the network over time and space. Several properties of this cell transmission model are explored. The method can be used to predict the evolution of pedestrian flow over time and space in indoor areas with internal obstacles and to investigate the collection, spillback, and dissipation behavior of pedestrians passing through a bottleneck. The cell transmission model is further extended to imitate the movements of multiple flows of pedestrians with different destinations. An algorithm based on generalized cell potential is also developed to assign the pedestrian flow.     

T460型汽车安全带紧急锁止性能试验台的研制

为快速检验和评价汽车安全带的紧急锁止性能，研制了Ｔ４６０型汽车安全带紧急锁止性能试验台。介绍了该试验台的主要结构设计及工作原理。该试验台采用了微型计算机控制系统、气浮导轨机构以及气动和电动相结合的自动化技术，使得试验台具有自动测试，数据自动采集、存储、处理和曲线自动绘制及打印等多项功能。     

隧道紧急停车带流场和局部阻力数值模拟

基于N-S方程和k-ε湍流模型,采用CFD方法对隧道内风压、风速场进行了数值模拟及计算分析,得到了隧道纵向气流流动规律、速度和压力分布规律,计算出了隧道紧急停车带的局部阻力系数。与试验结果相对比,数值模拟结果与试验结果非常吻合。