我国铁路运输工作"十五"回顾和"十一五"发展展望

“十五”时期,铁路运输工作取得了前所未有的好成绩,铁路旅客周转量、货物发送量、运输密度、总换算周转量等主要指标已稳居世界领先位置。其主要成功经验和做法是:部党组紧紧把握“发展是硬道理”,确立了铁路跨越式发展战略;坚持不懈实施提速战略;始终坚持走挖潜扩能之路;运输管理体制改革和生产力布局调整实现重大突破;全力以赴确保重点物资运输。“十一五”时期,客贷运输新的目标要求是:客运方面,要在高速铁路和既有线再提速、充分发挥客运专线和城际铁路能力、全面提高客运服务质量,以及客运专线的运营管理上取得新突破;贷运方面,要在运输结构调整、推进大客户战略、贷运快捷运输、优化运输组织、深入挖潜提效上取得新突破。     

泡沫轻质混凝土单轴循环加卸载试验研究

为研究循环加卸载对泡沫轻质混凝土力学性能的影响,采用微机控制电子万能试验机对湿密度为700 kg/m~3的泡沫轻质混凝土试样开展3组方案的循环加卸载试验,重点研究循环加卸载对其应力-应变曲线、峰值强度、弹性模量的影响。研究结果表明:随着循环加卸载的进行,应力-应变曲线出现不断迁移的现象,且对于3种试验方案,第一次循环加卸载引起的迁移值最大,而后,采用加卸载方案1、方案2,迁移值随着加卸载次数增加而减小,采用加卸载方案3,迁移值随着加卸载次数的增加先减小后增加;对于3种加卸载方案,峰值强度随着加载幅值的增加而增大,且随着循环加卸载次数的增加而增大;对于3种加卸载方案,第1次加卸载对弹性模量影响最大,而后,对于试验方案1、方案2,弹性模量随着循环加卸载次数的增加而增加,而对于试验方案3,弹性模量随着循环加卸载次数的增加而减小。     

A time-dependent freight tour synthesis model

This paper introduces a model of urban freight demand that seeks to estimate tour flows from secondary data sources e.g., traffic counts, to bypass the need for expensive surveys. The model discussed in this paper, referred as Freight Tour Synthesis (FTS), enhances current techniques by incorporating the time-dependent tour-based behavior of freight vehicles, and the decision maker’s (e.g., metropolitan planning agency planner) preferences for different sources of information. The model, based on entropy maximization theory, estimates the most likely set of tour flows, given a set of freight trip generation estimates, a set of traffic counts per time interval, and total freight transportation cost in the network. The type of inputs used allows the assessment of changes in infrastructure, policy and land use. The ability of the model to replicate actual values is assessed using the Denver Region (CO) as a case study.     

Fuel price elasticities for single-unit truck operations in the United States

This paper provides fuel price elasticity estimates for single-unit truck activity, where single-unit trucks are defined as vehicles on a single frame with either (1) at least two axles and six tires; or (2) a gross vehicle weight greater than 10,000 lb. Using data from 1980 to 2012, this paper applies first-difference and error correction models and finds that single-unit truck activity is sensitive to certain macroeconomic and infrastructure factors (gross domestic product, lane miles expansion, and housing construction), but is not sensitive to diesel fuel prices. These results suggest that fuel price elasticities of single unit truck activity are inelastic. These results may be used by policymakers in considering policies that have a direct impact on fuel prices, or policies whose effects may be equivalent to fuel price adjustments.     

Urban delivery industry response to cordon pricing, time-distance pricing, and carrier-receiver policies in competitive markets

The paper develops a set of analytical formulations to study the behavior of the urban delivery industry in response to cordon time-of-day pricing, time-distance pricing, and comprehensive financial policies targeting carriers and receivers. This is accomplished by modeling the behavior of receivers in response to financial incentives, and the ensuing behavior of the carrier in response to both pricing and the receivers’ decisions concerning off-hour deliveries. The analytical formulations consider both the base case condition, and a mixed operation with both regular hour and off-hour deliveries; two pricing schemes: cordon time of day, and time-distance pricing; two types of operations: single-tour, and multi-tour carriers; and three different scenarios in terms of profitability of the carrier operation, which include an approximation to the best case, the expected value, and the worst case. The analyses, both theoretical and numerical, highlight the limitations of pricing-only approaches. In the case of cordon time of day pricing, the chief conclusion is that it is of limited use as a freight demand management tool because: (1) in a competitive market the cordon toll cannot be transferred to the receivers as it is a fixed cost and (2) the structure of the cost function, that only provides an incentive to the carrier to switch to the off-hours when all the receivers in the tour switch to the off-hours. The analyses of time-distance pricing clearly indicate that, though its tolls could be transferred to the receivers and provide an incentive for behavior change, the magnitude of the expected toll transfers under real life conditions are too small to have any meaningful impact on receivers choice of delivery times. In essence, the key policy implication is that in order to change the joint behavior of carrier and receivers, financial incentives—or programs that foster unassisted off-hour deliveries—should be made available to receivers in exchange for their commitment to do off-hour deliveries. As the paper proves, if a meaningful number of receivers switch to the off-hours, the carriers are likely to follow suit.     

北疆地区货运专线铁路站场设计特点研究

北疆地区地广人稀、自然条件恶劣、风力强劲频繁、降雨量稀少不均匀,存在瞬时洪水及风沙、风蚀、风吹雪等特殊不良地质现象,针对该地区独特的自然环境及地形地质特征,结合红柳河至淖毛湖铁路(货运专线铁路)设计实例,提出铁路站场设计应遵循的原则,根据上述不良地质形成的铁路病害成因及规律,在站址选择、站型、站场路基及车站房屋等方面,提出不同地形地质条件下铁路站场的特殊设计方案。     

Determining the Monetary Value of Quality Attributes in Freight Transportation Using a Stated Preference Approach

It is commonly accepted that the modal choice of a shipper is influenced not only by the pure economic attributes of transportation – time and cost – but also by more qualitative factors. These quality attributes relate to frequency, reliability, flexibility, transport duration and risk of loss or damage; they are usually difficult to quantify in monetary terms. Different techniques exist that help to understand better how these different quality attributes of freight transportation influence modal choice. In this paper we apply a stated preference design. Using real business data, the aim is then to derive partial utility functions that allow us to calculate monetary values for these different quality attributes.     

利用负载磁场法求解永磁同步电动机的交直轴电枢反应电抗

永磁同步电动机电抗参数的准确计算对于电机性能分析与电机优化设计是至关重要的。介绍了一种基于电机任意运行工况下,利用有限元法求解永磁同步电动机的交直轴电枢反应电抗Xaq、Xad以及永磁体空载感应电压E0的方法。基于有限元法计算非线性负载磁场得出内感应电压Eδ和内功率角δi,进而推导得出Xad、Xaq和E0。并将此方法应用于求解一台额定功率630k W的船用表贴式永磁同步电动机的交直轴电枢反应电抗。     

U.S. import/export container flow modeling and disruption analysis

International containerized freight movement is a vital part of the supply chain for many companies, and a critical element of moving consumer goods to points of retail sale within the U.S. Containerized imports also present a clear security concern (e.g., terrorists attempting to ship “dirty bombs,” chemical, biological or even nuclear weapons, into the U.S. in a shipping container). The goal of the research presented here is to create a modeling tool for analyzing flows of U.S. imports and exports of containerized freight, and the potential changes in those flows under a variety of conditions (e.g., port disruptions, extensive security-related delays, etc.). Our focus is on movements through maritime container ports, and not overland movements between the U.S. and Canada or Mexico.The network model, referred to as the System for Import/Export Routing and Recovery Analysis (SIERRA), represents container movements between the U.S. and 46 other countries that account for the vast majority of U.S. imports and exports. The SIERRA model is a network equilibrium model that predicts flows between foreign countries and North American ports, the total volumes handled (import and export) by each port, the modal volumes (truck and rail) moving domestically into and out of each port, and volumes between each port and a set of transportation analysis zones within the U.S.     

The impact of scale on energy intensity in freight transportation

This paper analyzes energy intensities of ships, diesel–fuelled railways, trucks, and aircraft, using publicly available data. The analysis suggests that differences in operation, not technology, explain most of the variation in energy intensity within and across modes. Among the operational characteristics, most important is the amount of cargo weight transported per vehicle and therefore the scale of the respective transportation system. It is found that each mode has a characteristic envelope in an average energy intensity versus average cargo weight diagram, and estimates of the elasticities of energy intensity with respect to load size are made.