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11.
Impact of phytoplankton community size on a linked global ocean optical and ecosystem model 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
We isolated the effect phytoplankton cell size has on varying remote sensing reflectance spectra (Rrs(λ)) in the presence of optically active constituents by using optical and radiative transfer models linked in an offline diagnostic calculation to a global biogeochemical/ecosystem/circulation model with explicit phytoplankton size classes. Two case studies were carried out, each with several scenarios to isolate the effects of chlorophyll concentration, phytoplankton cell size, and size-varying phytoplankton absorption on Rrs(λ). The goal of the study was to determine the relative contribution of phytoplankton cell size and chlorophyll to overall Rrs(λ) and to understand where a standard band ratio algorithm (OC4) may under/overestimate chlorophyll due to Rrs(λ) being significantly affected by phytoplankton size. Phytoplankton cell size was found to contribute secondarily to Rrs(λ) variability and to amplify or dampen the seasonal cycle in Rrs(λ), driven by chlorophyll. Size and chlorophyll were found to change in phase at low to mid-latitudes, but were anti-correlated or poorly correlated at high latitudes. Phytoplankton size effects increased model calculated Rrs(443) in the subtropical ocean during local spring through early fall months in both hemispheres and decreased Rrs(443) in the Northern Hemisphere high latitude regions during local summer to fall months. This study attempts to tease apart when/where variability about the OC4 relationship may be associated with cell size variability. The OC4 algorithm may underestimate [Chl] when the fraction of microplankton is elevated, which occurs in the model simulations during local spring/summer months at high latitudes in both hemispheres. 相似文献
12.
Global Positioning System (GPS) technologies have been increasingly considered as an alternative to traditional travel survey methods to collect activity-travel data. Algorithms applied to extract activity-travel patterns vary from informal ad-hoc decision rules to advanced machine learning methods and have different accuracy. This paper systematically compares the relative performance of different algorithms for the detection of transportation modes and activity episodes. In particular, naive Bayesian, Bayesian network, logistic regression, multilayer perceptron, support vector machine, decision table, and C4.5 algorithms are selected and compared for the same data according to their overall error rates and hit ratios. Results show that the Bayesian network has a better performance than the other algorithms in terms of the percentage correctly identified instances and Kappa values for both the training data and test data, in the sense that the Bayesian network is relatively efficient and generalizable in the context of GPS data imputation. 相似文献
13.
小净距隧道围岩的整体稳定性分析,目前分析研究比较少。运用边坡稳定性分析适用的强度折减原理进行评价小净距隧道围岩整体稳定性,以围岩塑性区贯通、位移突变或位移超过规范值与计算不收敛3种方法综合作为围岩失稳破坏的判据。通过计算分析可知在不同的折减系数下塑性区贯通基本与位移突变同步,且早于位移超过规范值及计算不收敛。塑性区贯通为围岩破坏失稳的必要非充分条件,故采用塑性区贯通作为强度折减法判据所得为围岩整体稳定性系数的下限解。利用塑性区贯通作为判据,得到戴峪岭2号小净距隧道围岩整体稳定系数下限值约为2.7,表明该隧道具有足够安全储能。 相似文献
14.
结合大庆市油田用地变更调查实际,阐述CORS技术的发展及应用现状,重点介绍在油田用地变更调查中应用CORS系统的实际经验,分析CORS技术在油田土地管理应用中的特点,并对其测量精度进行评价。 相似文献
15.
自升自航式风车安装船为海洋工程专业特种船舶,在风机运输,安装中有很高的实际利用价值。采用直接计算法,对航行工况下自升自航式风电安装船的总强度进行评估。建立了船体和桩腿的有限元建模,基于三维势流理论对波浪垂直弯矩进行长期预报,得到风车安装船在典型装载工况下的设计波参数,将船舶在设计波中的重力、静水压力、水动压力、惯性力等施加到模型上进行直接强度分析,对航行工况下船体和桩腿的强度进行了校核。本文的计算方法及结果可为自升自航式风车安装船的整体强度评估、船体结构优化提供有效依据,并且对同类工程船的设计开发具有指导意义。 相似文献
16.
With life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology, a life cycle model of coal-based vehicle fuels (CBVFs) including coal-based dimethyl ether (CBDME) and coal-based diesel (CBD) is established. Their primary energy consumption (PEC) and global warming potential (GWP) from well to wheel including feedstock extraction, fuel production, fuel consumption in vehicle and energy transportation are calculated and compared. Results show that the life cycle PEC and GWP of CBD pathway are 1.17 and 1.34 times as CBDME pathway. Based on the above results, CBDME will become a choice with great potential to replace conventional petroleum-based diesel (CPBD) in China. 相似文献
17.
分散自律调度集中系统是将列车运行调整计划下传到各个车站自律机中自主自动执行;在列车运行调整计划的基础上,解决列车作业与调车作业在时间与空间上的冲突,实现列车和调车作业的统一控制.在重裁铁路上实施调度集中要解决重载运输干线上高密度列车运行条件下列车进路的自动排列.并对调车作业和列车作业进行冲突检测和调整.给出了重载铁路分散自律调度集中系统的整体结构,详细研究了针对重载运输组织的系统功能和特点.对重载运输铁路调度集中具有借鉴和示范作用. 相似文献
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19.
This paper analyses the external transport cost estimates that have been found in various European studies. These estimates seem at first glance to be highly dispersed, a fact which raises questions about their reliability. The article offers a list of the possible reasons for discrepancies between the various studies; differences in the specific situations studied, in the type of cost calculated, in the physical laws relating to emissions, in the measurement of values of external costs. It assesses the relative magnitude of each of these causes through a meta-analysis. It turns out that the main differences come from the specificity of the situation under review and the type of cost calculated. In comparison, differences in the laws and in the values methods have a lower importance. The conclusion is that the estimates of external costs are reliable for decision-making policies. 相似文献
20.