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By using household-level micro data captured through the National Survey of Family Income and Expenditure for 2004, this study evaluates the residential parking rent price elasticity of car ownership in Japan. It analyzes the number of cars owned by a household, using various attributes including expenditure for renting a parking space on a monthly basis. The estimation results derived from the IV-ordered probit model show that the absolute value of parking rent price elasticity of car ownership is, at most, 0.48, which is fairly small (i.e., inelastic). The elasticity value varies depending on city size; for megacities, elasticity is always negative for car ownership, whereas for middle-sized or small cities, towns, and villages, elasticity is positive for one-car ownership and negative for the ownership of more than one car. Hence, when the price of parking increases, some people may switch from more than one car to one car and some people in megacities may switch from one to zero cars. Indeed, the net effect of a price increase may be that non-car ownership increases in megacities and one-car ownership increases in other cities. 相似文献
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Relationship between phytoplankton bloom and wind stress in the sub-polar frontal area of the Japan/East Sea 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
The seasonal dynamics of phytoplankton blooms in the central Japan/East Sea (JES) show pronounced year-to-year variability based on Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS; 19972003) and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)/Terra (20002003) observations. Wind seems to strongly influence this variability. To study the relationship between wind and bloom initiation, we analyzed daily, remotely sensed wind stress data (Active Microwave Instrument–wind [AMI–wind], NASA Scatterometer [NSCAT], and Quick Scatterometer [QuickSCAT]: 19972003) and daily chlorophyll concentrations based on ocean color data (SeaWiFS and MODIS). The results agreed well with the hypotheses; in spring, blooms began 615 days after wind stress weakened. Fall blooms started 39 days after wind strengthened. We also simulated seasonal changes using a simple light–nutrient model using two values for the respiration ratio: 10% and 20%. The use of 20% seemed to reproduce the timing of the spring bloom quite well but underestimated the absolute level of chlorophyll concentration. On the other hand, using 10% produced a better estimation of the chlorophyll concentration but failed to match the timing. Neither of the model runs reproduced the timing of the fall bloom well. 相似文献
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降低AC车辆车体浪涌电压的方法 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
简要阐述AC车辆车体产生浪涌现象的机理和改善AC车辆接地系统的试验结果,讨论了防止极端浪涌电压的理想接地系统。 相似文献
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东日本铁路公司研制了1种新型能源列车——NE列车,该列车采用锂离子电池储能混合系统,既利于环保,又提高了能量效率。通过运行试验,确认了这种混合系统的功能对车辆性能和能量效率等方面的影响几乎与设计的完全一样。 相似文献
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磁悬浮列车交会通过时的车辆动力学特性 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
从研究3辆编组磁悬浮列车交会动力学性能入手,讨论了5辆编组磁悬浮列车交会时的动力学性能,并介绍了为改善乘坐舒适度而新近采用的控制技术。 相似文献