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81.
82.
There is increasing interest in understanding and achieving changes in travel behaviour, but a focus on individual behaviour change may overlook the potential for achieving change via transformation at the levels of institutions, cultures and societies – the domains of sociological inquiry. In this paper, we review sociological contributions to the literature on travel and ‘mobilities’. We summarise four key themes which supplement or contradict arguments made in mainstream transport debates on behaviour change. The first involves focusing on travel ‘practices’ as social entities with dynamics of their own, rather than on individual behaviours. The second relates to the changing natures of societies, and the implications for travel. The third explores and interprets the issue of car dependence in ways which highlight the ethical, experiential and emotional dimensions associated with car use, its symbolic role in societies increasingly concerned with consumption, and its differing roles within different cultures. Finally, the ‘new mobilities paradigm’ highlights issues such as the increasing links between travel and new technologies, and the primacy of social networks in influencing travel decisions. These themes emphasise the importance of understanding the broader contexts in which travel choices are made. In particular, the implication is that the creation of more sustainable travel patterns will require changes at a range of social levels, not simply in individual behaviours, and that changes to transport will inevitably be linked with, and influenced by, broader changes in the values and practices developed by societies as a whole. 相似文献
83.
杨万军 《铁路通信信号工程技术》2004,(1):31-31,43
在 DJ 型交直交电力机车上安装400kHz 感应电台后,电台运用不良。原因在于 DJ 型电力机车受电弓对接触网上的传输信号有旁路作用,同时机车的高压供电回路产生的交流谐波分量很多,因而产生较大的干扰信号,对感应电台产生的有用信号有较强的干扰所致。经改造,在供电回路加装400kHz 信号阻波器后,电台使用正常。 相似文献
84.
陈平 《南通航运职业技术学院学报》2009,8(2):59-62
拉缸是柴油机常见的故障之一,直接影响柴油机的经济性、动力性和可靠性。文章介绍了船舶柴油机拉缸的主要征兆,分析了柴油机发生拉缸的原因,提出了针对柴油机拉缸所采取的相应措施。 相似文献
85.
机车柴油机喷油泵凸轮接触应力分析 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
针对机车柴油机喷油泵凸轮表面常出现点蚀、麻点、剥落等损伤问题,开展喷油泵凸轮轮廓升程段的接触应力研究,分析导致喷油泵凸轮表面失效的原因。以16V240ZJB型柴油机为例,通过对油泵凸轮轮廓曲线进行几何分析,导出凸轮升程段的运动方程。采用弹性力学中的赫兹理论,建立油泵凸轮接触应力的计算式,并通过计算机编程,从理论上计算和分析喷油泵凸轮表面的接触应力。理论计算结果表明:喷油泵凸轮的接触应力虽高达1 421.655 MPa,但并未超过许用应力值。因此建议从材料加工工艺方面查找原因,提高凸轮表面加工质量,并采用复合强化工艺,进一步加大喷油泵凸轮表面的强度。 相似文献
86.
建立了柴油机废气涡轮前的燃气能量和燃油消耗率的综合评价函数,采用多目标优化的方法,对PA6-280柴油机的进排气正时进行了优化计算,分析了配气正时的调控对柴油机性能的影响。 相似文献
87.
轮轨结构参数对列车运动稳定性的影响 总被引:7,自引:1,他引:6
基于车辆—轨道耦合动力学理论,运用动力学仿真软件TTISIM,系统地分析和探讨了机车车辆的抗蛇行减振器,一系悬挂刚度,转向架轴距,车轮踏面锥度对临界速度的影响,以及轨距,钢轨小反,轨底坡,扣件刚度和阻尼等参数对列车稳定性的影响。指出在计算机车车辆的临界速度时,不仅要考虑整车的结构参数和模型,还应把轨道模型和结构参数纳入整个模型和分析过程。这对铁路机车车辆结构参数优化设计,提高或改善机车车辆运动稳定性,及既有线提速改造和高(快)速铁路修建等工程问题均具有实际意义。 相似文献
88.
E. Zervas 《International Journal of Automotive Technology》2008,9(6):641-647
This work studies the impact of five parameters: CO and HC engine-out emissions, space velocity, average value and profile
of exhaust temperature, on Diesel CO and HC tail-pipe emissions. The first part of this work is conducted on a reactor and
shows that both HC and CO light-off temperature increases with CO and HC input concentration. CO and HC initial concentration
influence the adsorption/desorption capacities of HC only at high temperatures. Space velocity also influences CO and HC conversion
efficiency. The second part of this work studies the impact of different combinations of HC and CO engine-out emissions on
CO and HC conversion and tail-pipe emissions in the case of New European Driving Cycle. This part proposes that a Diesel oxidation
catalyst must be mainly studied at the Urban Part of NEDC, as the CO and HC conversions are very high at the extra-urban part
of NEDC. CO and HC conversion efficiencies are also dependent on exhaust temperature and catalytic volume. In the case of
two different profiles of exhaust temperature with the same average temperature, CO and HC conversion efficiency is lower
in the case of the smoother profile. 相似文献
89.
This study summarizes engine speed and load effects on HC species emissions from premixed charge compression ignition (PCI)
and conventional diesel combustion, and it evaluates diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) formulations on a gas flow reactor for
the purpose of diesel particulate filter regeneration or lean NOx trap desulfation. HC emissions are sampled simultaneously by a Tedlar bag for light HC species and by a Tenax TA™ adsorption
trap for semi-volatile HC species, and they are analyzed by gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector. The bulk
temperature and residence time during combustion are key parameters that are important for understanding the effects of speed
and load on engine-out HC emissions. The degree of post-flame oxidation is higher in PCI than in conventional combustion,
and it is increased for PCI with a higher speed and load, as indicated by a lower fuel alkanes/THC ratio, a higher alkenes/fuel
alkanes ratio, and a higher methane/THC ratio. Ethene and n-undecane are two representative HC species, and they are used
as a surrogate mixture in the gas flow reactor to simulate PCI and conventional combustion with in-cylinder post fuel injection.
Among the three DOC formulations tested, the catalyst with constituent precious metals of platinum and palladium (PtPd) showed
the best light-off performance, followed by PtPd with an addition of cerium dioxide (PtPd+CeO2), and platinum (Pt), regardless of exhaust compositions. Conventional combustion exhaust composition shows a lower light-off
temperature than that of PCI, regardless of catalyst formulation. 相似文献
90.