The effect of time on acoustic durability of low noise pavements – The case studies in Poland

The tyre/road noise depends on type and speed of vehicles and on the characteristics of road pavement. Vehicle traffic load and weather conditions lead to significant changes in the characteristics of the materials used to build the wearing course. This applies especially to road pavements with the increased void contents. Clogging of the pores, changes in the characteristics of the binder and the damage to the wearing course influence changes in the acoustic properties of the road pavement over time. The article presents the results of the studies on noise level carried out in 2011 and 2014 by the Statistical Pass-By method (SPB) on porous asphalt concrete (PAC), very thin asphalt concrete (VTAC) and stone mastic asphalt (SMA). The wearing courses with the increased void contents immediately after building constitute a very advantageous solution compared with traditional road pavements (dense asphalt concrete, stone mastic asphalt). However, the unfavourable location of the road with porous wearing course, lack of systematic cleaning of porous layers or inappropriate maintenance methods in winter lead to the loss of the acoustic durability of low-noise pavements within a few years of their exploitation.     

Exploring the trade-off between greenhouse gas emissions and travel time in daily travel decisions: Route and departure time choices

This study analyzes the problem of conflicting travel time and emissions minimization in context of daily travel decisions. The conflict occurs because the least travel time option does not always lead to least emissions for the trip. Experiments are designed and conducted to collect data on daily trips. Random parameter (mixed) logit models accounting for correlations among repeated observations are estimated to find the trade-off between emissions and travel time. Our results show that the trade-off values vary with contexts such as route and departure time choice scenarios. Further, we find that the trade-off values are different for population groups representing male, female, individuals from high income households, and individuals who prefer bike for daily commute. Based on the findings, several policies are proposed that can help to lower greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from transportation networks. This is one of the first exploratory studies that analyzes travel decisions and the corresponding trade-off when emissions related information are provided to the road users.     

纤维增强复合材料用于铁路桥限高防护架可行性研究

纤维增强复合材料具有抗拉强度高、质量轻等特点。根据既有铁路桥限高防护架的分类,提出采用玻璃纤维与聚氨酯拉挤成型工艺加工铁路桥限高防护架的方案,基于复合材料实际参数,设计横梁结构。理论分析结果表明:结构破坏荷载可以满足设计要求,结构自重较原钢管或钢管混凝土方案轻,掉落时对车辆驾驶室中人员的威胁降低,可充分发挥纤维增强复合材料的高抗拉性能和轻质化的特点。将纤维增强复合材料作为铁路桥限高防护架的材料具有可行性。     

高速铁路大高差桥墩竖向温度变形对行车舒适性和安全性影响研究

墩顶竖向变形是高速铁路桥梁安全的重要参数之一。在温度效应下,相邻桥墩高差较大时,桥梁会出现竖向变位差,造成轨道不平顺,这将影响高速铁路的舒适性和安全性。目前国内各类规范对桥墩竖向变形的限值规定不尽相同,为了研究大高差桥墩顶竖向变形的温度效应影响,以合福高铁巷坑大桥为例,对大高差桥墩在温度效应下的墩顶竖向变形进行现场测量,将测量和计算结果同各类规范进行对比,进一步对考虑温度效应时车辆通过桥梁结构时耦合响应进行仿真分析,结果表明:巷坑大桥桥墩顶竖向变形差超过规范限值,但车辆通行时的舒适性和安全性均能满足规范要求,车辆走行性偏于安全,合福高铁通车至今该桥一直运营正常。综上所述,现行规范对大跨度桥梁桥墩的变形指标要求偏严,特殊情况下无法满足规范要求时,建议参考公式,适当放松验收指标。本研究对突破规范限制,在大跨度桥梁铺设无砟轨道具有重要的意义。     

沉管隧道碎石基础整平监测技术研究

沉管隧道基础处理是沉管隧道施工的关键技术之一,是隧道安全运营的重要保证。文章首先介绍沉管隧道基础处理的主要方法,对先铺法和后填法的优缺点进行了简单介绍。针对广州打捞局在香港沙中线海底沉管隧道基础整平中采用的水下整平架,提出了GPS RTK+倾斜仪和压力传感器两种高程监测的方法。在监测设备安装和初值标定完成后,进行水下碎石整平实验。文章对实验结果进行了详细的分析,从GPS RTK与压力传感器的内符合精度、高度计与测量杆两种外符合精度等方面进行比较,验证了高程监测方法的可行性。     

加筋二级边坡极限分析方法研究

加筋土边坡在实际工程中有重要的应用,对该类边坡的稳定性分析是非常重要的工作。然而对二级加筋边坡稳定性研究较少。利用上限法,对二级加筋边坡的稳定性进行了研究。建立了外力功率,土体与筋材能量耗散方程,并利用Matlab优化平台对临界高度进行求解。所得结果可以指导边坡失稳分析与防护设计。与已有结果的对比分析表明：采用本文方法对二级加筋土坡的稳定性分析是简单有效的。     

东中国海波浪分布特征研究*

以美国国家环境预报中心(NCEP)再分析气象资料作为驱动风场条件,运用第三代海浪模式WAM的第四版本(WAMC4)在西北太平洋海域建立二级嵌套波浪模型,利用连云港、冷家沙现场观测波浪资料对模型进行了验证,检验了该模型在东中国海波浪研究中的适用性.针对东中国海进行了连续60年(1950-2009)的波浪后报模拟,在此基础上开展了东中国海波浪时空分布特征研究.结果表明:四季的平均有效波高等值线与岸线形状基本保持一致,且由南向北逐渐递减;有效波高分布的季节差异显著,冬季浪高最大,其次为秋季,春季、夏季最小.通过对比分析平均波浪要素和5％累积频率波浪要素的定量关系发现,在渤海范围内,5％累积频率有效波高与平均有效波高之比约为2.75,黄海与东海大部该比值则分别约为2.50和2.35,而5％累积频率平均周期与平均周期的比值在整个东中国海范围内约为1.45.     

发动机起动过程及影响低温起动的因素

低温对发动机的主要影响有：低温使润油粘度显著增大，低温使燃油气化不良；低温使蓄电池容量和端电压下降，火花塞不易跳火；低温使发动机机件磨损加剧。改善发动机冷起动的主要措施有：进气预热器、燃烧室电热塞、喷注起动液、装电加热器或燃油加热器、使用低温机油、采用新型高能量蓄电池、采用无触点式高能电子点火器等。     

高烈度地震区不等高墩桥梁延性抗震计算分析

针对山区公路桥梁的典型特点,阐述了一座高烈度地震区不等高墩桥梁延性抗震设计的工程实例.通过引入弹塑性纤维梁柱单元,采用非线性动力时程法,重点分析了该桥在E2人工拟合地震波作用下的地震反应特性.计算结果表明,通过选用合理的结构体系,采用延性抗震设计方法能够实现此类桥梁大震不倒塌的设防目标.     

西安地区100例新生儿身长、体重、头径的测量分析

我们采用柯氏测量法,对100例足月妊娠,阴道正常分娩的新生儿头径、身长、体重进行测量,探讨西安地区胎儿头径、身长、体重的参值.儿头各径线的平均值分别为:双顶径8.8厘米;双颞径7.4厘米;枕颏径12.8厘米,其周径33.8厘米;枕额径11.1厘米,其周径35.2厘米;枕下前额径10.3厘米,其周径33.1厘米;枕下前囟径9.0厘米,其周径31.6厘米;气管前囟径9.8厘米,其周径32.4厘米.身长平均为50.4厘米.体重平均为3195克.经统计学处理.新生儿身长、体重与儿头各径线呈一致的增减.因此,根据胎儿大小.可以大概估计分娩的难易程度.