Dependence of fatigue limit of high-tension bolts on mean stress and ultimate tensile strength

High tension bolts in critical joints in internal combustion engines are susceptible to fatigue failure. Computeraided bolted joint design procedures require knowledge of the dependence of bolt fatigue limit on the mean stress and ultimate tensile strength. This dependence is investigated with staircase fatigue limit tests. The test results show that when the bolt fatigue limit is estimated with the nominal stress of the bolt, it decreases with increasing tensile strength and nominal mean stress. However, there is a range of the nominal mean stress where the bolt fatigue limit is almost constant. The test results are interpreted with finite element analysis.     

路堤下加筋垫层对地基承载力的影响分析

从准粘聚力原理和张力膜效应方面,分析路堤下加筋垫层对地基土受力性能的改善,通过定量分析,揭示尺寸效应对张力膜效应和应力扩散作用的影响。研究表明,路堤下加筋垫层对地基承载力的改善和提高,主要是筋材与土界面的摩擦作用产生的准粘聚力,当垫层宽度较大时,张力膜效应和应力扩散作用甚小。     

线性水波理论中远场无波势的构建(英文)

Various water wave problems involving an infinitely long horizontal cylinder floating on the surface water were investigated in the literature of linearized theory of water waves employing a general multipole expansion for the wave potential. This expansion involves a general combination of a regular wave, a wave source, a wave dipole and a regular wave-free part. The wave-free part can be further expanded in terms of wave-free multipoles which are termed as wave-free potentials. These are singular solutions of Laplace’s equation (for non-oblique waves in two dimensions) or two-dimensional Helmholz equation (for oblique waves) satisfying the free surface condition and decaying rapidly away from the point of singularity. The method of constructing these wave-free potentials is presented here in a systematic manner for a number of situations such as deep water with a free surface, neglecting or taking into account the effect of surface tension, or with an ice-cover modelled as a thin elastic plate floating on water.     

Direct tension and fracture resistance curves of ultra high performance marine composite materials

Fracture behavior is one of the most important, yet still little understood properties of ultra-high performance cementitious composites （UHPCC）, a new marine structural engineering material. Research on the fracture and direct tension behavior of UHPCC was carried out. The constitution law of UHPCC was divided into three phases： pre-partial debonding, partial debonding, and pullout phases. A direct tension constitution law was constructed based on the proposed fiber reinforcing parameter as a function of fiber volume fraction, fiber diameter and length, and fiber bonding strength. With the definition of linear crack shape, the energy release rate of UHPCC was derived and the R-curve equation was calculated from this. Loading tests of UHPCC using a three-point bending beam with an initial notch were carried out. The predictions from the proposed R-curve were in good agreement with the test results, indicating that the proposed R-curve accurately describes the fracture resistance of UHPCC. Introduction of a fiber reinforcement parameter bridges the fracture property R-curve and micro-composites＇ mechanics parameters together. This has laid the foundation for further research into fracture properties based on micro-mechanics. The proposed tension constitution law and R-curve can be references for future UHPCC fracture evaluation.     

Application of analytical model in the prediction of dynamic responses and fatigue damage of flexible risers: Part I – Improvement of analytical model considering shear deformation and varying tension effects

Flexible risers have been widely utilized for the transfer of oil and gas products from a well to production units. The components of flexible risers, unlike steel risers, experience complex contact phenomena during bending. The contact between helical wires and adjacent layers especially causes a significant level of bending nonlinearity, making it hard to estimate the structural responses. Accordingly, a large-scale dynamic analysis of flexible risers usually involves an analytical model that predicts the bending moment and axial stress of helical wires based on theoretical approaches. The analytical model consists of an axis-symmetrical model and a bending model. Among them, the bending model plays a critical role in the prediction of the bending responses of flexible risers. The conventional bending models usually neglect the shear deformation of internal layers and continuity of sliding force, which leads to a significant error of analysis. Furthermore, the previous bending models assume that the contact pressure on helical wires is constant during bending. In real operating conditions, however, most flexible risers experience a considerable change of tension that governs the slip of helical wires. Hence, the current study presents a new dynamic analysis method for flexible risers. The suggested analytical model improves the bending model based on an accurate estimation of the internal strain field considering the shear deformation and continuous sliding force. Also, this study proposes a stiffness update method to reflect the effect of varying tension in the dynamic analysis. The presented method updates the bending property of flexible risers considering the continuous change of the contact pressure from varying tension. For the validation of suggested method, the current study carries out numerical simulations with a pure bending and varying tension for the internal diameter 7 inches flexible risers. It is identified that the suggested analytical model provides accurate analysis results. Moreover, it is found that the effect of varying tension gives a significant impact on the bending behavior of flexible risers by changing the slip condition of helical wires. Part I of this series of papers describes the detailed formulation method for the analytical model and with some verification examples. The suggested analytical model is expanded to the large-scale dynamic analysis in Part II for the investigation of the effect of shear deformation and varying tension.     

菱形式风电运维生活平台锚泊系统设计研究

海洋平台需要通过锚泊系统长期锚泊于使用固定地点，来削弱外部环境载荷的作用。针对菱形式风电运维生活平台特点及黄海海域特定的海洋环境，根据设计要求，对菱形平台锚泊系统选型，分析环境载荷，提出四种系泊布置方案，给出四种系泊布置方案导缆孔位置坐标，运用静力分析的方法确定锚泊参数，得出四种方案锚固点位置，初步确定两种锚泊系统方案，对初定的两种方案锚泊线张力进行研究，最后统计分析校核锚泊线张力以得到最终的锚泊方案。并提出锚泊系统设计进一步的优化方法，为今后相关平台锚泊系统的设计提供理论依据。     

3300 V全SiC MOSFET功率器件开关特性研究

为更好地发挥全SiC器件的开关速度快、损耗低等优势,研究了某款3300 V全SiC MOSFET器件的开关特性。首先,通过理论分析阐述了开关变化过程,并给出了可量化的计算方法;其次,从驱动电阻、结温、回路杂散电感等方面探寻了开关特性变化的规律;最后,在样机上进行了验证。结果表明,文章中所述优化开关特性的方法对全SiC逆变器的工程应用有一定的指导意义。     

The impact of Low Emission Zones on particulate matter concentration and public health

A common policy for reducing particulate matter concentrations in the European Union is the introduction of Low Emission Zones (LEZs), which may only be entered by vehicles meeting predefined emission standards. This paper examines the effectiveness of LEZs for reducing PM₁₀ levels in urban areas in Germany and quantifies the associated health impacts from reduced air pollution within the zones. We employ a fixed effects panel data model for daily observations of PM₁₀ concentrations from 2000 to 2009 and control, inter alia, for local meteorological conditions and traffic volume. We apply the regression outputs to a concentration response function derived from the epidemiological literature to calculate associated health impacts of the introduction of LEZs in 25 German cities with 3.96 million inhabitants. Associated uncertainties are accounted for in Monte-Carlo simulations. It is found that the introduction of LEZs has significantly reduced inner city PM₁₀ levels. We estimate the total mean health impact from reduced air pollution in 2010 due to the introduction of stage 1 zones to be ∼760 million EUR in the 25 LEZ cities in the sample, whereas total mean health benefits are ∼2.4 billion EUR for the more stringent stage 2 zones when applied in the same cities.     

应用高模量合成纤维缆的深海调查绞车系统设计研究

随着海洋调查的发展,研究人员往往希望在更深的地方执行更为复杂的调查任务,这对调查仪器及其布放绞车提出了更高的要求。由于调查深度的增加,传统的钢缆因自重大已经不适用,深水调查中越来越多的采用高模量合成纤维缆。本文从深海缆绳的使用特点着手,针对高模量合成纤维缆绳的特性,研究缆绳对深海调查绞车系统设计的影响,可为应用高模量合成纤维缆的深海调查绞车系统设计提供参考。     

Modeling traffic's flow-density relation: Accommodation of multiple flow regimes and traveler types

This research investigates freeway-flow impacts of different traveler types by specifying and applying a latent-segmentation model of congested and uncongested driving behaviors. Drivers in uncongested conditions are assumed to drive at self-chosen speeds, while drivers in congested conditions are assumed to take speed as given and choose a spacing (between their vehicle and the previous vehicle). Several classes of driver-vehicle combinations are distinguished in a data set based on double-loop-detector pulses and a household travel survey. These classifications are made on the basis of vehicle type and gender, leading to class estimates of speeds and spacings. The segmentation model is specified as a logit function of density, weather, and vehicle type, leading to estimates of congested-condition probabilities. Unobserved heterogeneity is incorporated in all models via common error assumptions.Results indicate that segmentation models are promising tools for traffic data analysis and that information on travelers, their vehicles, and weather conditions explains significant variation in flow data. By clarifying a greater understanding of traffic conditions and traveler behavior explains much scatter in the fundamental relation between flow, speed, and density, can assist regions in their traffic-management efforts and engineers in their design of roadway facilities. Ultimately, such improvements to travel networks should enhance quality of life.