城区地铁结构近距离穿越古建筑之复合技术探讨

在暗挖通道施工过程中,为保证侧上方百年历史古建筑物(属于危楼)变形可控,采用地表复合锚杆桩将暗挖通道和建筑物隔离、洞内深孔注浆对通道拱部粉细砂层进行超前加固的复合技术。通过对比监测统计数据,采取的复合加固措施达到了预期的目的。对比其他隔离、注浆加固措施,所选措施受场地制约小,更适用于城市地铁施工。     

盾构过上浮基岩、孤石预处理对策

以深圳地铁5号线宝翻盾构区间为例,介绍盾构机顺利通过孤石和基岩区的预处理对策。根据设计地质资料,从盾构施工前加密地质补勘入手,摸清对盾构机掘进存在风险的孤石、上浮基岩等详细参数,然后根据盾构的性能及以往类似地质的经验教训,在本区间依次采取调线调坡绕过、加固处理后通过、控制盾构机参数直接通过等方法,盾构掘进过程中没有发生一起非计划停机,有效保证了工期,在5号线全线施工中起到了示范作用。     

Pedestrian traffic management of boarding and alighting in metro stations

The objective of this work is to determine, by means of simulation and experiments, the effect of pedestrian traffic management in the boarding and alighting time of passengers at metro stations. Studies were made by means of a pedestrian traffic microsimulator (LEGION Studio) and experiments at the Human Dynamic Laboratory (HDL) of Universidad de los Andes in Santiago de Chile, to obtain criteria for the pedestrian traffic management on the platform and doors of metro cars. The methodology consists of building a boarding/alighting hall of a metro car and the relevant portion of the platform in front of the hall. The simulation scenarios included the location of the vertical handrail in the hall of the car, delimitation of a keep out zone in front of the doors and the use of differentiated doors for boarding and alighting. The results of the simulation and laboratory experiments are expressed in Pedestrian Level of Service (LOS), Passenger Service Time (PST), passenger density on the vehicle and platform, and passenger dissatisfaction. Both, the simulation results and laboratory experiments allow us to give some recommendations for the pedestrian traffic management in metro systems.     

Metro disruption management: Optimal initiation time of substitute bus services under uncertain system recovery time

Determining the initiation time of substitute bus (SB) services is critical for metro disruption management, especially under uncertain recovery time. This study develops a mathematical formulation to determine the optimal initiation time (OIT) of SB services by trading-off their initiation cost and passenger delay cost, thereby minimizing the total system cost. Given the probability distribution of metro disruption duration, we determine the OIT by formulating an optimization problem to minimize the expected total system cost. We then conduct sensitivity analyses of the initiation cost of SB services, passenger value of time, and SB services rate. The results show that SB services ought to be activated only if the metro incident lasts longer than a certain time interval, depending on the factors mentioned earlier, and the OIT should advance with the predicted incident duration. This paper derives analytical results for the case of linear passenger arrival, and determines the results numerically for the case of non-linear passenger arrival when analytical closed-form solutions are not available. The findings will facilitate transit operators to develop response plans in the aftermath of a metro disruption.     

Map-induced journey-planning biases for a simple network: A Docklands Light Railway study

A usability study was conducted to identify the most effective prototype Docklands Light Railway map for installation on trains. This comprised a series of tasks that required station finding and also planning of routes between pairs of stations, with response time and accuracy as measures of performance. In addition, subjective ratings of map design were collected via questionnaire-based evaluations, and also ranked preferences between designs. A clear best-option was easily identifiable as a result of this research. The existing design was associated with the most journey planning errors, and two of the prototypes were associated with inefficient journey choices. The latter finding suggested that respondents were using unsophisticated planning strategies that were put at a disadvantage by certain route depictions. This has wider implications for suggestions that schematic maps should maintain topographical relationships in order to facilitate appropriate journey choices, with the danger that the inevitable increased complexity of line trajectories for such designs would simultaneously reduce the ability of passengers to identify the most appropriate routes.     

Commuters’ exposure to PM2.5 and CO2 in metro carriages of Shanghai metro system

Air quality inside transportation carriages has become a public concern. A comprehensive measurement campaign was conducted to examine the commuters’ exposure to PM_2.5 (d_p ⩽ 2.5 μm) and CO₂ in Shanghai metro system under different conditions. The PM_2.5 and CO₂ concentrations inside all the measured metro lines were observed at 84 ± 42 μg/m³ and 1253.1 ± 449.1 ppm, respectively. The factors that determine the in-carriage PM_2.5 and CO₂ concentrations were quantitatively investigated. The metro in-carriage PM_2.5 concentrations were significantly affected by the ventilation systems, out-carriage PM_2.5 concentrations and the passenger numbers. The largest in-carriage PM_2.5 and CO₂ concentrations were observed at 132 μg/m³ and 1855.0 ppm inside the carriages equipped with the oldest ventilation systems. The average PM_2.5 and CO₂ concentrations increased by 24.14% and 9.93% as the metro was driven from underground to overground. The average in-carriage PM_2.5 concentrations increased by 17.19% and CO₂ concentration decreased by 16.97% as the metro was driven from urban to the suburban area. It was found that PM_2.5 concentration is proportional to the on-board passenger number at a ratio of 0.4 μg/m³·passenger. A mass-balance model was developed to estimate the in-carriage PM_2.5 concentration under different driving conditions.     

Demand-driven timetable design for metro services

Timetable design is crucial to the metro service reliability. A straightforward and commonly adopted strategy in daily operation is a peak/off-peak-based schedule. However, such a strategy may fail to meet dynamic temporal passenger demand, resulting in long passenger waiting time at platforms and over-crowding in trains. Thanks to the emergence of smart card-based automated fare collection systems, we can now better quantify spatial–temporal demand on a microscopic level. In this paper, we formulate three optimization models to design demand-sensitive timetables by demonstrating train operation using equivalent time (interval). The first model aims at making the timetable more dynamic; the second model is an extension allowing for capacity constraints. The third model aims at designing a capacitated demand-sensitive peak/off-peak timetable. We assessed the performance of these three models and conducted sensitivity analyzes on different parameters on a metro line in Singapore, finding that dynamical timetable built with capacity constraints is most advantageous. Finally, we conclude our study and discuss the implications of the three models: the capacitated model provides a timetable which shows best performance under fixed capacity constraints, while the uncapacitated model may offer optimal temporal train configuration. Although we imposed capacity constraints when designing the optimal peak/off-peak timetable, its performance is not as good as models with dynamical headways. However, it shows advantages such as being easier to operate and more understandable to the passengers.     

A behavioural comparison of route choice on metro networks: Time,transfers, crowding,topology and socio-demographics

Understanding travellers’ behaviour is key element in transportation planning. This article presents a route choice model for metro networks that considers different time components as well as variables related to the transferring experience, train crowding, network topology and socio-demographic characteristics. The route choice model is applied to the London Underground and Santiago Metro networks, to make a comparison of the decision making process of the users on both cities. As all the variables are statistically significant, it is possible to affirm that public transport users take into account a wide variety of elements when choosing routes. While in London the travellers prefer to spend time walking, in Santiago is preferable to spend time waiting. Santiago Metro users are more willing to travel in crowded trains than London Underground users. Both user groups have a similar dispreference to transfers after controlling for the time spent on transfer, but different attitudes to ascending and descending transfers. Topological factors presented on a distorted Metro map are more important than actual topology to passengers’ route choice decisions.     

郑州地铁5号线ATS系统与PIS系统接口故障分析

介绍信号ATS系统与PIS系统间的连接方式,进行报文分析,为维护人员快速判定故障原因并处理同类故障提供思路。     

富水软土地区单墙衬砌地铁车站防水技术

研究目的:解决富水软土地区地铁车站采用单墙衬砌(地下连续墙直接作为结构的侧墙)结构的防水问题。研究方法:针对上海地铁2号线西延伸工程淞虹路车站设计采用连续墙直接作为主体结构侧墙的实际情况,结合地下工程防水技术规范和地铁设计规范,研究地铁车站混凝土结构自防水、连续墙(侧墙)接头、诱导缝、施工缝防水技术以及侧墙抗裂砂浆防水涂层(刚性四层抹面防水层)防水技术。研究结论:富水软土地区单墙衬砌地铁车站较双墙结构防水技术难度大,设计和施工要求高;连续墙(侧墙)接头是防水设计和施工的关键部位;采用十字型钢板的刚性止水接头可以满足结构防水需要;当连续墙接头与主体结构诱导缝对齐时,采用包覆丁基橡胶腻子的十字型钢板,既起到防水作用,又满足诱导缝结构变形作用。