Feasibility of modal expansion for virtual sensing in offshore wind jacket substructures

The present paper investigates the feasibility of modal expansion-based virtual sensing in the context of offshore wind jacket substructures. For this specific application, issues have been reported when expanding wind-driven brace vibrations and wave-driven vibrations in the splash-zone based on a sensor network placed solely above the sea level. These limitations are addressed in this paper by extending the sensor network with sub-sea vibration sensors and a wave radar sensor, which allow for capturing local brace vibration modes and the wave-driven vibration response. The brace expansion is thus improved by including the local brace vibration modes in the expansion basis, while the representation of wave-driven vibrations is improved by including load-dependent Ritz vectors computed based on input from the wave radar sensor. The merit of the proposed extension is explored using a numerical model of an offshore wind turbine supported by a jacket substructure in a simulation setting with different operational and environmental conditions. It is documented that the extended setup provides an improvement in the expansion-based estimation of both wind- and wave-driven vibrations. The former improvement is particularly relevant for operational cases, while the latter is relevant for idling cases. Despite the documented improvements, a systematic reduction in the expansion quality is observed for higher wind speeds in operational cases for both the basic and the extended setup. It is contended that this phenomenon is due to the operational variability of the controller, which violates the fundamental assumption of the structural system being linear and time-invariant.     

Modal shift from road haulage to short sea shipping: a systematic literature review and research directions

ABSTRACT

Modal shift from road haulage to short sea shipping (SSS) has been advocated by authorities and researchers for more than two decades. This paper provides a review of literature on modal shift and pinpoints paths for future research on topics in six categories: (1) factors influencing SSS competitiveness, (2) the policy-oriented perspective, (3) environmental legislation, (4) SSS performance, (5) port characteristics, and (6) the multi-agent perspective. In particular, we propose first, in evaluating the performance of SSS versus road haulage in different trade corridors, three performance-related dimensions – the economic dimension (e.g. external costs), the environmental dimension, and the dimension of service quality – should be considered. Second, researchers should use rich, real-world, numerical data and operational research techniques to identify the relative importance of individual drivers and barriers for a modal shift from road haulage to SSS. Third proposed direction is related to assessing which groups of actors certain policies should target. In doing so, researchers should extend their policy-related focus beyond the European Union, which has long encompassed the major geopolitical scope of research on the modal shift. Fourth, to moderate the adverse impact of environmental legislation on SSS, strategic solutions need to be identified. Fifth, we also suggest that the influence of contingencies, particularly port strikes and cyberattacks, on SSS operations and approaches for managing them should be investigated. Sixth, the economic and financial advantages of coordination and alliance for each transport chain agent need to be evaluated.     

Modal split in offshore supply network under the objective of emissions minimization

We study modal split under the objective of emissions minimization in the transportation of cargo from centralized vendors in the oil and gas industry to decentralized supply bases on the Norwegian coast. The supply network includes direct road transport and a sea route along the coast. To gain insight into modal split decisions between road and sea transport from the shipper’s perspective multi-period mixed integer optimization models are formulated. Particularly the models give possibilities to examine how weekly demand patterns at supply bases, cargo commitments to sea transport, storage possibilities at supply bases, and shipper’s responsibility for a certain share of vessel capacity may effect the emissions and the modal split. Experiments on real data from an oil and gas company operating offshore show that the size of the share of vessel capacity and the possibility for storage at supply bases are the major determinants for a larger shift to environmentally friendly sea transport. The models can be used as means for making decisions regarding how a shipper can commit to sea transport to achieve less emissions.     

基于支持向量机和模态曲率的桥梁结构损伤识别

提出了一种用于桥梁结构损伤识别的支持向量机方法。该方法以结构损伤前后的模态曲率差参数为支持向量机的输入参数,c-svc算法为损伤位置识别算法,ε-svr算法为损伤程度识别算法。最后以三跨连续梁桥为数值模拟算例,以存在单个及多个损伤单元为损伤工况,验证该方法的有效性,识别结果表明基于支持向量机和模态曲率的损伤识别方法能够准确识别出结构的损伤位置,损伤程度识别误差在4%以内。     

High speed rail and tourism: Empirical evidence from Spain

This paper evaluates how changes in the provision of high-speed rail (HSR) services affect tourism outcomes in Spain, a tourist country with the newest and longest HSR network in Europe. To do so it employs an empirical strategy based on the differences-in-differences panel data method with double fixed effects. Data are provided by Spain’s National Statistics Institute (INE) and cover 50 provinces over a 15-year time span (1998–2013). Our results provide mixed evidence about the impact of HSR accessibility on tourist outcomes. On the one hand, we find that air traffic is negatively affected by HSR and air traffic is a strong predictor of tourist arrivals. This suggests a negative indirect effect of HSR on tourist outcomes. On the other hand, HSR may have a positive (weak) direct effect on tourism. However, such result is conditioned on the measure of HSR accessibility and econometric technique used. Thus, the net effect of HSR on tourism outcomes is not consistently positive. This pattern might be attributed to a network design that does not respond to ridership needs and which has a substitution effect on air transportation, the main mode for long-distance tourist mobility.     

Spatial transferability assessment of a composite walkability index: The Pedestrian Index of the Environment (PIE)

This paper analyzes the transferability of a composite walkability index, the Pedestrian Index of the Environment (PIE), to the Greater Montréal Area (GMA). The PIE was developed in Portland, Oregon, and is based on proprietary data. It combines six urban form variables into a score ranging from 20 to 100. The measure introduces several methodological refinements which have not been applied concurrently in previous efforts: a wide coverage of the different dimensions of the urban form, together with the use of a distance-based decay function and modelling-based weighing of the variables.This measure is applied to the GMA using local data in order to evaluate the feasibility of its transfer (the possibility of locally replicating the measure). It is then included in a series of mode choice models to assess its transferability (the capacity of the measure to describe walkability and predict mode choice in another urban area). The models, segmented by trip distance or trip purpose, are estimated and validated against observed trip data from the 2013 Origin-Destination survey.Significant positive correlation is found between the PIE and the choice of walking for short trips, for all purposes as well as for four specific trip purposes. The inclusion of the PIE also improves the accuracy of the modelling process as well as the prediction of the choice of walking for short trips. The PIE can therefore be used in the GMA, and potentially in other metropolitan areas, to improve the modelling of travel behavior for short trips.     

270 km·h-1高速动车模态分析

按弹性体考虑,建立由车体、前后构架和4个轮对轴箱构成的270 km.h-1高速动车模型。采用弹簧单元和拉杆单元模拟一系、二系悬挂及牵引拉杆和轴箱拉杆;设置节点自由度耦合来模拟顶盖与车体其他部件的螺栓连接;在各设备质心位置创建质量单元,用弹簧单元将质量单元与底架上相应设备的支点连接起来以模拟设备质量的影响。用ANSYS软件的Block Lanczos算法提取了270 km.h-1高速动车在考虑设备质量和不考虑设备质量两种情况下的前200阶特征值和特征向量,并对这两种情况下的整车振动特性进行比较分析,得到如下结论:不加设备质量时,与垂向变形相关的振型,其频率明显高于加设备质量时的相应频率;与其他方向变形相关的振型,其相应频率在这两种情况下差异不大;整车刚度按二系悬挂、一系悬挂、车体、构架、车轴的顺序由弱变强;整备状态下车体出现垂向弯曲振型的最低频率为10.42 Hz,满足《200km.h-1以上速度级铁道车辆强度设计及试验规范鉴定暂行规定》的要求。     

行星滚柱丝杠90kN电动缸整机模态与轴向静刚度分析

以行星滚柱丝杠90kN电动缸为研究对象,采用有限元方法对电动缸整机结构进行模态分析,得出电动缸前16阶固有频率、主要的振动部位(形式)及其与激励源之间的共振避开率,为后续振动分析和结构减振优化奠定基础。通过仿真90 kN拉、压轴向载荷下电动缸的轴向变形情况,得出其静刚度特性,为后续变载荷下的精确位置控制提供参考。     

Case study on health assessments related to a modal shift in transportation

Historically, the emphasis on environmental problems has been on visible pollution. However, as a result of the reduction in visible pollution in recent years, many people have become anxious about invisible dangers. The method for objectively evaluating these invisible dangers is risk assessment. Therefore, in the present study we propose and discuss a method for evaluating the influence of a modal shift in transportation on cancer risk using the technique of risk assessment. First, two representative transportation routes were selected for analysis. Subsequently, the level of airborne carcinogens from the exhaust of ships and trucks was determined. Next, the concentration of each carcinogen in locations across Japan was calculated. Finally, the number of people in Japan who will suffer from cancer related to these emissions was derived and the effects of the modal shift on health are discussed.     

CRTSⅠ型板式无砟轨道脱空状态对结构模态的影响

以CRTSⅠ型板式无砟轨道作为研究对象,运用有限元软件ANSYS,建立有限元梁体模型,对轨道板不同脱空长度的轨道结构进行模态分析,为轨道结构的损伤识别提供理论指导。计算结果表明:随着轨道板脱空长度的增加,轨道结构的同阶固有频率减小;振型的波峰逐渐向脱空区域移动,在脱空区域轨道板的垂向位移增大,轨道板与凸台分离明显。