PPP融资模式在城市基础设施工程中的应用研究——以南昌市红谷隧道工程为例

PPP建设模式具有减轻政府财政压力、提高项目建设和运营效率、风险共担等优点,可为城市基础设施提供重要的资本及专业支持,拓宽社会资本投资渠道。以南昌市首个采用PPP建设模式的城市基础设施项目--南昌市红谷隧道工程为例,分析在该融资模式下城市基础设施工程建设和运营期的效果以及存在的问题。结果表明： 将PPP模式运用于红谷隧道工程中,可有利推动项目的建设,使得项目在投资、进度和质量等方面得到很好的控制,同时,在运营阶段也取得很好的效果。     

交通基础设施项目PPP模式比选方法研究

为了研究在实际运作中如何更加科学合理地选择交通基础设施PPP（Public- Private-Partnership） 项目模式,提出了采取定性分析与定量分析相结合的研究方式。在定性分析方面,从所有权转移、经营权控制、政府与社会资本合作程度三方面,充分分析和反映各类PPP模式的交易合作特征,建立起体现PPP模式交易合作特征的三维框架体系,根据各类交通基础设施的特点识别出选择PPP模式的三条路径以及每条路径的适用条件,得到PPP模式的备选集。在定量分析方面,采用层次分析法,从项目建设目标的实现、项目运营目标的实现和项目外延目标的实现三方面来构建PPP模式选择评价指标体系。通过定性分析识别出三条PPP模式的选择路径并且得到PPP模式备选集,通过定量分析推导适合项目的最优PPP模式,这适用于各类交通基础设施项目,最终得到适合某特定类型项目的最优PPP模式。     

存量城市轨道交通项目PPP模式选择研究

从众多PPP模式中选择出与存量城市轨道交通项目最为匹配的模式,是保障存量城市轨道交通PPP项目成功运作的前提。通过分析PPP模式特征并细化分类,以存量项目的适用性为原则,初步选出存量项目适用的PPP模式。从政府的角度出发,根据存量城市轨道交通PPP项目特点,建立相应的模式选择指标体系。引入熵权灰靶理论,构建存量城市轨道交通项目PPP模式选择模型。以大连市快轨3号线存量项目为例验证模型的可行性和实用性,为我国存量城市轨道交通PPP项目决策的理论与实践提供参考。     

基于案例推理的交通基础设施PPP项目再谈判触发点识别研究

为了减少再谈判的发生,降低管理成本,提高效率,提出基于案例推理的再谈判触发点识别模型。首先,运用粗糙集理论对初始案例特征属性进行约简,并综合使用熵权法和层次分析法对各案例特征属性权重进行优化; 然后,通过案例总体相似度检索与拟建PPP项目相似的源案例,识别出拟建项目最有可能发生的再谈判触发点; 最后,以深圳梧桐山隧道PPP项目为例,验证模型的合理性与有效性,同时,提出相应的事前预防措施。     

基于双层规划模型的地下综合管廊PPP项目入廊定价研究

为解决地下综合管廊项目PPP模式运作过程中存在的入廊定价难的突出问题,首先,基于现阶段入廊价格管制的需要以及各参与方在入廊定价决策过程中的主从递阶结构特点,决定利用双层规划模型研究PPP模式下地下综合管廊项目的入廊定价问题,将政府方作为定价决策的上层,社会资本方和管线单位作为决策的下层,建立政府、社会资本方与管线单位分别以社会福利最大化、预期收益最大化和保留效用最大化为目标的双层规划模型,以期求解得到令三方满意的入廊费、日常维护费与补贴额度。然后,以延安市地下综合管廊PPP项目为例,检验模型与求解方法的可行性。最后,基于研究结论提出加强顶层设计、强化价格监管、建立动态调价机制的合理化建议。     

Programming, optimal pricing and partnership contract for infrastructures in PPPs

The development of various forms of public-private partnerships for the financing, building and operating of public infrastructure has not fundamentally altered the economic calculations involved. This chapter examines to what extent it is necessary, however, to change the way that government uses socio-economic and financial evaluations, whether to optimise investment programming or pricing. Ensuring a coherent match between these two types of optimisation can provide a principle for determining the optimal programming price.We begin by showing that when projects are financed by both users (toll revenues) and taxpayers (subsidies), it is socially beneficial to plan these investments on the basis of the net present value (NPV) provided by each unit of public money invested. This NPV/subsidy ratio must obviously be higher than the public-funding scarcity coefficient or else the investment would destroy more wealth than it would produce.One of the ways of improving this ratio is also to optimise the toll level, since increasing it can lower the subsidy but has an adverse impact on the user surplus, it is essential to set the optimal toll.In the case of an approved project considered in isolation, we show that the optimal toll depends upon the public-funding scarcity coefficient. If there is no scarcity, the optimal toll is zero. As public-funding becomes scarcer, the optimal toll draws closer to the toll that optimises revenue.In the case of a programme of several projects subject to budget constraint, we show that the optimal toll no longer depends upon the public-funding scarcity coefficient and that there are several scenarios depending on the relative values of the maximum revenue and the total cost of the project:

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when, whatever the toll, revenue can no longer cover over half of the cost, it is socially beneficial to choose not to levy any toll;

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when there is a toll that covers the total cost, the operator may be left free to set it at the level he sees fit, with the issue of how the profits are to be shared between the franchisee and the franchisor being settled separately;

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when the maximum revenue of the project falls between half and all of the total cost, the value of the toll that maximises the welfare function is lower than the revenue-maximising toll and must therefore be set for the private operator by government.

Thus, the partnership contract must be given a different content in these three cases of optimal pricing.

Preamble

Most of the theoretical studies devoted to optimising public investment programming and infrastructure pricing have, since the work of Jules Dupuit (1844), focused on the salient issues of the transport sector, even though this work was relevant to all sorts of public infrastructure. The analysis presented in this paper deals with transport economics, but in line with this tradition, is also applicable to any field in which public-funding is combined with commercial revenue. For example, the question of determining how the financing of an opera should be shared between taxpayers and opera-goers raises the same type of issues as the optimal combination of tolls and subsidies for financing a motorway project. This report will be focused on these issues. We shall see that certain precautions are called for in investment programming together with some new thinking on pricing principles.     

基础设施融资PPP模式的风险分配原则及分配方法

综合考虑投资和风险因素,提出合理的风险分配原则和线性规划的风险分配方法,帮助公共部门和私人组织更好地理解和承担风险,使PPP模式充分发挥公私合作的优势。     

基于GRA-SPA的城市地下综合管廊PPP项目风险评价研究

为及时发现并合理应对综合管廊PPP项目存在的风险,给政府部门提供投资决策的依据,提出基于集对分析理论的风险评价方法。首先,借助德尔菲法确定初始风险清单,采用主成分分析（PCA）对25个要素指标降维处理,并结合以往研究文献及项目特点构建管廊PPP项目风险评价指标体系; 其次,引入C-OWA算子实现指标赋权,削弱数据极端值造成的不利影响,并建立基于集对分析的风险评价模型,利用灰色关联度确定差异度系数i值,通过联系度的取值评判项目风险等级及发展趋势; 最后,将模型应用到青岛高新区管廊PPP项目实际工程,结果表明该项目风险等级为“中等”,有向较低风险等级发展的趋势,同时验证模型具有可行性与合理性,为综合管廊PPP项目风险评价的理论与实践提供参考。     

利用PPP协议进行网络互联的具体实现

作者介绍了烟台站利用PPP协议、采用两线专线方式解决了微机通过Hub、终端通过终端服务器和Hub即可实现与主机的网络互联的具体实现的方法。     

应用PPP技术确定海外水运工程高程起算面

针对海外水运工程高程控制点资料匮乏且不稳定的现象,提出采用GPS静态精密单点定位技术(简称PPP),将首期控制点的高程统一至国际地球参考框架(ITRF)下;然后获得拟建工程在ITRF下月平均海平面,该基面可以作为预可研阶段的海外水运工程高程起算基面;最后通过巴布亚新几内亚新科考瑞港项目的实际运用,验证该方法在海外边远地区设立高程控制网的可靠性和可追溯性,为类似海外水运工程提供借鉴。