Locating charging infrastructure for electric buses in Stockholm

Charging infrastructure requirements are being largely debated in the context of urban energy planning for transport electrification. As electric vehicles are gaining momentum, the issue of locating and securing the availability, efficiency and effectiveness of charging infrastructure becomes a complex question that needs to be addressed. This paper presents the structure and application of a model developed for optimizing the distribution of charging infrastructure for electric buses in the urban context, and tests the model for the bus network of Stockholm. The major public bus transport hubs connecting to the train and subway system show the highest concentration of locations chosen by the model for charging station installation. The costs estimated are within an expected range when comparing to the annual bus public transport costs in Stockholm. The model could be adapted for various urban contexts to promptly assist in the transition to fossil-free bus transport. The total costs for the operation of a partially electrified bus system in both optimization cases considered (cost and energy) differ only marginally from the costs for a 100% biodiesel system. This indicates that lower fuel costs for electric buses can balance the high investment costs incurred in building charging infrastructure, while achieving a reduction of up to 51% in emissions and up to 34% in energy use in the bus fleet.     

铁路调度通信系统的运用与优化

调度通信系统是铁路行车调度指挥的重要组成部分,论述了铁路专用调度通信设备的技术发展历程,针对高铁客专、干线、支线等不同线路主要运用模式和技术特点,提出调度通信系统适应性的发展趋势及技术实现方案。     

Simulation of Old Urban Residential Area Evolution Based on Complex Adaptive System

On the basis of complex adaptive system theory,this paper proposed an agent-based model of old urban residential area,in which,residents and providers are the two adaptive agents.The behaviors of residents and providers in this model are trained with back propagation and simulated with Swarm software based on environment-rules-agents interaction.This model simulates the evolution of old urban residential area and analyzes the relations between the evolution and urban management with the background of Chaozhou city.As a result,the following are obtained:(1) Simulation without government intervention indicates the trend of housing ageing,environmental deterioration,economic depression,and social filtering-down in old urban residential area.If the development of old urban residential area is under control of developers in market,whose desire is profit maximization,and factors such as social justice,historic and culture value will be ignored.(2) If the government carries out some policies and measures which will perfectly serve their original aims,simulation reveals that old urban residential area could be adapted to environment and keep sustainable development.This conclusion emphasizes that government must act as initiator and program maker for guiding residents and other providers directly in the development of old urban residential area.     

Real-time bus route state forecasting using particle filter and mesoscopic modeling

In the absence of system control strategies, it is common to observe bus bunching in transit operations. A transit operator would benefit from an accurate forecast of bus operations in order to control the system before it becomes too disrupted to be restored to a stable condition. To accomplish this, we present a general bus prediction framework. This framework relies on a stochastic and event-based bus operation model that provides sets of possible bus trajectories based on the observation of current bus positions, available via global positioning system (GPS) data. The median of the set of possible trajectories, called a particle, is used as the prediction. In particular, this enables the anticipation of irregularities between buses. Several bus models are proposed depending on the dwell and inter-stop running time representations. These models are calibrated and applied to a real case study thanks to the high quality data provided by TriMet (the Portland, Oregon, USA transit district). Predictions are finally evaluated by an a posteriori comparison with the real trajectories. The results highlight that only bus models accounting for the bus load can provide valid forecasts of a bus route over a large prediction horizon, especially for headway variations. Accounting for traffic signal timings and actual traffic flows does not significantly improves the prediction. Such a framework paves the way for further development of refined dynamic control strategies for bus operations.     

SMA混合料级配参数特征研究

为研究SMA混合料在我国推广运用以来的级配变化情况及发展演变趋势,文章收集并分析了我国各地工程所使用的SMA16、SMA13混合料级配,并运用粗集料的粗比值、中位直径、频率直径及颗粒群均匀度等指标,对SMA混合料级配的粗细程度及其粒度均匀性进行分析评价.结果表明：SMA混合料级配逐渐变粗了,而且加大了粗集料中的大骨料用量,提高了SMA高温稳定性,级配均匀性逐渐下降,改善了施工和易性.     

铁路路堑挡雪墙设计参数优化数值模拟

风吹雪往往在铁路路堑地段形成较厚的积雪,掩埋线路,影响行车速度,危及行车安全,研究其具有重要的现实意义。基于FLUENT软件,模拟研究不同挡雪墙高度、不同风速下,挡雪墙背风侧风雪两相流的运动特性及挡雪墙参数优化设计。研究表明,风雪流初始速度一定时,挡雪墙背风侧积雪宽度随挡雪墙高度增大而变大,沉积在床面上的雪粒更多,阻雪效果越好;挡雪墙高度一定时,背风侧积雪宽度随风雪流速度的增加逐渐增大,挡雪墙距线路的距离也应越大。在综合考虑工程造价和挡雪效果的基础上,挡雪墙设计时,高度宜在2.5~3.5m,高度越高,风速越大,挡雪墙距线路的距离应越大,一般在20~35m即可。     

Thermodynamic,environmental and economic effects of diesel and biodiesel fuels on exhaust emissions and nano-particles of a diesel engine

In this study, diesel (JIS#2) and various biodiesel fuels (BDF20, BDF50, BDF100) are used to operate the diesel engine at 100 Nm, 200 Nm and full load; while the engine speed is 1800 rpm. The system is experimentally studied, and the energy, exergy, sustainability, thermoeconomic and exergoeconomic analyses are performed to the system. The Engine Exhaust Particle Sizer is used to measure the size distribution of engine exhaust particle emissions. Also, the data of the exhaust emissions, soot, particle numbers, fuel consumptions, etc. are measured. It is found that (i) most of the exhaust emissions (except NO_x) are directly proportional to the engine load, (ii) maximum CO₂ and NO_x emissions rates are generally determined for the BDF100 biodiesel fuel; while the minimum ones are calculated for the JIS#2 diesel fuel. On the other hand, the maximum CO and HC emissions rates are generally computed for the JIS#2 diesel fuel; while the minimum ones are found for the BDF100 biodiesel fuel, (iii) fuel consumptions from maximum to minimum are BDF100 > BDF50 > BDF20 > JIS#2 at all of the engine loads, (iv) particle concentration of the JIS#2 diesel fuel is higher than the biodiesel fuels, (v) soot concentrations of the JIS#2, BDF20 and BDF50 fuels are directly proportional to the engine load; while the BDF100 is inversely proportional, (vi) system has better energy and exergy efficiency when the engine is operated with the biodiesel fuels (vii) sustainability of the fuels are BDF100 > BDF50 > BDF20 > JIS#2, (viii) thermoeconomic and exergoeconomic parameters rates from maximum to minimum are JIS#2 > BDF20 > BDF50 > BDF100.     

基于OIPSO算法的环境最优动力定位控制器设计

环境最优动力定位控制是一种以能量消耗最少为目标的动力定位控制方法,在不需要任何环境传感器的情况下,使其保持在设定区域且消耗能量最少,节约燃料、减少有害气体的排放。首先,提出一种带有目标性初始化粒子群的改进粒子群优化算法(OIPSO),通过引入混沌算子,利用信息熵进行评估对初始化粒子种群进行调整以提高粒子群算法全局搜索能力和收敛速度,具有大范围全局寻优能力。其次,研究设计环境最优艏向控制器控制律,该控制律能满足欠驱动船舶动力定位的控制需求。最后以Cyber Ship Ⅱ动力定位模型船为对象进行仿真验证。结果表明,所提出的寻优算法和改进控制律达到了设计的目的。     

某型矿用胶轮车动力源匹配的研究

随着矿山机械技术的不断提高,在矿山巷道的底板上,液压机械传动防爆无轨胶轮车被大量用来进行运输工作。然而,运输和自卸之间动力源的匹配应加以改善。本文中,在特定类型的防爆胶轮车的基础上,从上述问题出发,通过优化匹配变速箱和匹配动力源,有效提高了防爆无轨胶轮车的动力性能,验证了采用在折中匹配的基础上使用液力机械分流变矩器,以及修正变速箱换挡规律来提升柴油防爆胶轮车的动力性能的方案是合理有效的。     

基于运动学特性的双横臂悬架硬点位置优化

利用空间机构运动学和数值计算的方法对双横臂独立悬架系统进行了运动学分析,以悬架运动学特性设计曲线为优化目标,对悬架硬点的布置位置进行了优化。结果表明,按照优化后的硬点位置计算出的悬架运动学特性曲线与设计曲线基本一致,因此利用该方法可以快速实现对悬架硬点结构的优化布置,提高车辆性能。