土地调查用GPS/PDA实时差分定位系统的坐标转换及精度测试

基于GPS/PDA技术的土地调查用实时差分定位系统能进行全数字化的数据采集、存储和处理.为将GPS测得的WGS-84坐标系下的点位坐标转换成土地利用数据的当地坐标系,采用平面四参数转换模型并进行基准点的兼容性检验.在北京等试点的大量测试表明,该系统能达到厘米级定位精度.     

一种抗差型航迹关联算法研究

航迹关联是多源信息融合中的关键问题.通过选择目标数据相似度计算模型和参数,计算不同信源航迹与航迹间的关联相似度,并以之构成目标关联矩阵.引入伪行列式的概念,对目标关联矩阵进行变换,形成目标联合分配矩阵.在分配限定条件下,通过最大化目标联合分配似然度,可得到航迹与航迹间的关联匹配对,实现航迹关联.仿真实验表明,在信源具有较大的系统误差情况下,该算法能够保持较高的关联正确率,表现出了良好的抗差特性.     

疲劳——海难事故的重要致因

航行安全需要建立安全文化,疲劳是造成人为失误的主导因素已经得到公认。本文阐述了疲劳的定义、成因及其副作用,对STCW 95公约中关于防止疲劳的要求进行了介绍,最后,提出了一种“6+2”式的解决办法。     

电罗经测定方位角的校准方法及其误差分析

介绍电罗径测定方位角的基本原理,阐述海洋工程中电罗径校正的步骤和注意事项,给出计算公式。分析直接法对电罗径校准产生的误差,提出利用天文测量手段测量船舶方位角的最有利观测条件。     

Guidelines for samplers: measuring a change in behaviour from before and after surveys

This paper addresses the issue of using before and after surveys to evaluate behavioural changes in response to transport policies and investments, a procedure that, we argue is done far too rarely in this profession. Further, it demonstrates very clearly that, in almost all conceivable cases, there are considerable economies to be obtained by using a panel (again, under-utilised in our profession) to undertake evaluation, rather than successive independent cross-sectional surveys. The paper also addresses the critical issue of sample size requirements for measuring changes of a relatively small magnitude in travel behaviour; i.e., to state, with 95% confidence, that if there is a ∂ percent change in behaviour for the sample, there is a ∂ percent ± e percent change in the behaviour of the population, where e is the sampling error. In this paper, we present a method for calculating such sample size requirements from first principles and demonstrate the applicability both hypothetically and then empirically using data from the Puget Sound Transportation Panel. The formulation enables designers of before and after surveys to investigate the trade-offs between the statistical accuracy of their predictions and the sample size requirements systematically, without the need to specify ∂ a priori. This latter point is crucial, we argue, because we have limited information on ∂, yet, as we explain here, it drives the sample size requirements using alternative, well-cited approaches for calculating sample sizes to assess behavioural change. The results have important ramifications both for those implementing transport policies intended to produce behavioural change, especially when a cost-benefit evaluation of the policy is desired, and for those interpreting the results reported in previous studies.     

Study on fast calibration of a ULA＇s gain and phase error

Array calibration is important in engineering practice. In this paper, fast calibration methods for a ULA＇s gain and phase errors both in far and near fields are proposed. In the far field, using a single sound source without exact orientation, this method horizontally rotates the array exactly once, performs eigen value decomposition for the covariance matrix of received data, then computes the gain and phase error according to the formulas. In the near field, using the same single sound source, it is necessary to rotate the array horizontally at most three times, build equations according to geometric relations, then solve them. Using the formula proposed in this paper, spherical waves are modified into plane waves. Then eigen values decomposition is performed. These two calibration methods were shown to be valid by simulation and are fast, accurate and easy to use. Finally, an analysis of factors influencing estimation precision is given.     

二次扩展复数旋转码及其对偶码

扩展复数旋转的基础上,提出了二次扩展复数旋转码及其对偶码的概念。就它们的特性作了初步的讨论,并给出了它们的生成矩阵的构造方式及主要参数。经过与扩展复数旋转码和其对偶码相比较,可以看出它们也是一类码率高、纠错能力强的差错控制码。     

基于对流层电波传播的雷达俯仰角误差分析

电磁波在对流层大气中传播时会造成传播方向发生改变,使雷达测量定位的俯仰角带有一定的误差,对实战有重大影响。通过对对流层折射现象的分析,找出具体的影响因素,并预测误差的具体值,为消除误差的影响起到较好的作用。     

On finite sample performance of confidence intervals methods for willingness to pay measures

This paper systematically compares finite sample performances of methods to build confidence intervals for willingness to pay measures in a choice modeling context. It contributes to the field by also considering methods developed in other research fields. Various scenarios are evaluated under an extensive Monte Carlo study. Results show that the commonly used Delta method, producing symmetric intervals around the point estimate, often fails to account for skewness in the estimated willingness to pay distribution. Both the Fieller method and the likelihood ratio test inversion method produce more realistic confidence intervals for small samples. Some bootstrap methods also perform reasonably well, in terms of effective coverage. Finally, empirical data are used to illustrate an application of the methods considered.     

点啮合齿面安装误差敏感性的定量评价方法

针对以往同类研究中点啮合齿面安装误差的敏感性没有综合定量评价方法的不足,提出了一种定量评价齿面啮合特性对齿轮安装位置误差的敏感性的方法,其步骤为:利用矢量的齐次坐标矩阵和齐次坐标方阵表达啮合问题中啮合点在不同坐标系之间的变换关系;通过求解啮合方程对安装位置参数的全微分,推导关于齿面啮合点的位置误差与齿轮安装位置误差的线性方程组;由该线性方程组系数矩阵的条件数来定量评价齿面啮合点的位置误差对齿轮安装位置误差的敏感性.最后,通过实例说明所提出的方法在齿面设计中的应用.