基于遗传算法的减摇鳍-被动水舱综合平衡系统最优控制器研究

综合减摇鳍与被动减摇水舱2种减摇装置的优缺点,采用一种优良的全航速下的减摇方案-减摇鳍-被动水舱联合综合减摇装置,在此基础上建立船舶-减摇鳍／水舱系统的数学模型。针对系统数学模型的复杂性,并考虑实际应用,采用遗传算法进行了PID控制器参数的寻优。同时,结合实船进行仿真,对仿真结果进行了分析。分析结果表明,基于遗传算法设计的综合系统控制器可以满足系统要求,为综合系统的实际应用提供理论依据。     

汽车试验场可靠性试验强化系数的研究

通过对路面载荷谱幅值分布函数的拟合求解，依据疲劳等损伤原则，在提出当量频次概念的基础上，推导了计算汽车可靠性试验强化系数的数学模型。采用该方法分析计算一种试验场汽车可靠性试验强化系数，计算结果离散性小。     

EQ6100型汽油机进气管内油膜研究

对几种不同的汽油机进气管内油膜研究方法研究了评述，介绍了自行设计的油膜收集器的结构及工作原理，采用油膜收集法，使用所设计的油膜收集器，在一台装有ＥＱＨ１０２型化油器的ＥＱ６１００－Ｉ型汽油机进行了试验研究，并对试验结果进行了分析。     

车辆通过性仿生试验多路同步参数测试系统的研究

就车辆通过性仿生试验中多数的实时同步测试问题，研制了一个较简便的64通道同步数据采集系统。该系统与AST386SX／16微机联接，可成功地进行沙漠车辆车轮的仿生测试。它不但保证了信号的实时同步性，而且使测试信号以64路转换存储为一组，采样频率可以提高到350Hz以上。     

Part II: Policy instruments for sustainable road transport

Without questioning the fact that to achieve efficiency emitters should pay for the true costs of their actions (a core principle of economic policies such as pollution taxes), we find sufficient evidence in the literature to demonstrate that many other policy instruments can be used in combination with taxes and permits to ensure that the transport needs of the present generation can be met without compromising the ability of future generations to meet any needs of their own.The policies and policy aspects considered in this paper broadly fall into three categories: physical policies, soft policies, and knowledge policies. All three aim to bring about changes in consumers’ and firms’ behaviour, but in different ways. The first category includes policies with a physical infrastructure element: public transport, land use, walking and cycling, road construction, and freight transport. We also consider the particular challenges for mobility in developing countries, and how these may be addressed. Soft policies, on the other hand, are non-tangible aiming to bring about behavioural change by informing actors about the consequences of their transport choices, and potentially persuading them to change their behaviour. These measures include car sharing and car pooling, teleworking and teleshopping, eco-driving, as well as general information and advertising campaigns. Finally, knowledge policies emphasise the important role of investment in research and development for a sustainable model of mobility for the future.The main findings can be summarised as follows.

Physical policies

An increase in the use of public transport, combined with a decrease in the use of private cars, can reduce traffic congestion and, more importantly, carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions, as public transport generally causes lower CO₂ emissions per passenger kilometre than private cars. Public transport fares are subsidised in most places, which can be justified by economies of scale and by the fact that public transport can reduce total road transport externalities. London, Singapore, Portland and Curitiba are all examples of good practice at government level, having achieved reliable, frequent and integrated public transport.Policies to increase public transport use must be part of an integrated policy. Integrated policy refers to integration across different modes of transport, different government objectives (such as the economy, health and the environment), considering the needs of different social groups, and coordinating action between the relevant government institutions. There is evidence that a lack of coordination can jeopardise the achievement of policy objectives.A sustainable model for transport policy also requires integration with land-use policies. These may be somewhat limited within the bounds of existing cities, but as cities grow and new cities are built, urban planners must put more emphasis on land use for sustainable transport in order to reduce congestion and CO₂ emissions. Sustainable land-use policy can direct urban development towards a form that allows public transport as well as walking and cycling to be at the core of urban mobility.Walking and cycling, which improve general health and produce no tailpipe emissions, constitute an excellent alternative to motorised transport on short-distance trips within towns and cities. The policies which can incentivise walking and cycling include crime reduction to make streets safer, well-maintained and clean pavements, attractive street furniture, safe crossings with shorter waiting times, dedicated cycle paths, showers in offices, and lower speed limits, to name but a few.Road construction and expansion used to be seen as one of the most promising ways to reduce traffic congestion. However, in the mid-1990s, the issue was reassessed and it was found that building and expanding roads, increased, rather than decreased, congestion, and ultimately induced higher levels of travel demand. The reason for this is that the extra capacity reduces the general cost of travelling and the less expensive the travel, the more it will be demanded. Regarding freight modal shift, road transport is much more polluting than rail per tonne-km of goods transported and therefore a shift towards greater use of rail in freight transport is desirable. Inadequate infrastructure is the main obstacle preventing this modal shift taking place.Developing countries face great mobility challenges: rural areas are often extremely poorly connected to transport infrastructure, such that, in contrast to the situation in developed countries, the benefits of road construction can strongly outweigh the total costs (including environmental ones). The main challenge, however, is to develop a solution to the problems arising from the combination of urbanisation and motorisation. Integration of transport and land-use policy will be key to rising to this challenge.

Soft policies

Car sharing and car clubs can also potentially reduce CO₂ emissions, although the aggregate reduction in congestion and emissions has not been measured with an adequate degree of precision in the literature. Teleworking and teleshopping can potentially reduce congestion and also CO₂ emissions. However, the evidence for this reduction is rather mixed, as it is unclear whether these measures lead to overall reductions in road transport.Eco-driving campaigns aim to inform and educate drivers in order to induce them to drive in a fuel-efficient and thus environmentally friendly way. There seems to be some consensus in the literature that eco-driving could lead to reductions in CO₂ emissions of around 10 per cent.Information and education policies have often been advocated as instruments which may affect behavioural change. We find in this paper that these types of measures are necessary, but not sufficient for behavioural change. Advertising and marketing may go a long way in changing peoples’ behaviour. In California, for example, Kahn (2007) finds the “Prius” effect: the Toyota Prius is preferred by consumers relative to other similarly green vehicles, probably due to extensive marketing and celebrity endorsements. Family life changes are also found to trigger changes in behaviour ( [Goodwin, 1989] and [106]). People whose lives are being changed by some important development (birth of a child, retirement, etc) tend to respond more to changes in the relative attractiveness of different transport modes. Advertising campaigns promoting a modal shift towards public transport, for instance, may thus be more successful if targeted at people in the process of important life transitions.

Knowledge policies

Research and Development is crucial for developing sustainable and low-carbon transport for the future, and it is essential that governments provide incentives to undertake R&D, so that new low-carbon technologies in the transport sector can be demonstrated and applied at a large scale.Finally, we consider the issue of policy combination and integration. There is evidence that the combination and integration of policies can lead to positive side-effects and synergies. Policy integration is crucial in order to rise to the challenges we face in moving towards a sustainable mobility model. We conclude that classical economic policies may be successfully combined with a number of policy measures discussed in this paper in order to achieve sustainability in transport.     

Workshop report - Social inclusion

The topic of social inclusion is now maturing in the Thredbo conference series, being viewed as an important consideration in many aspects of land transport, the benefits extending beyond the socially excluded targeted population. The social inclusion workshop included presentations on new empirical evidence on the value of providing those at risk of social exclusion with mobility options, and how this links to improvements in personal wellbeing, often through mediating influences such as social capital. Work was presented on the role of transport services specifically targeted to those at risk of exclusion, particularly taxi services and school bus services, as well as how to modify fare structures to maximise inclusion in an efficient, mature transport system. The value of Universal Design principles to groups both at risk of being excluded as well as the current travelling public, was shown. The workshop affirmed the importance of including these wider benefits of inclusion in cost-benefit evaluations of transport. The issue of how best to move knowledge into strategic and operational policy, and the transferability of both knowledge and policy between different countries and settings, was discussed. This paper concludes with suggestions arising from the workshop in relation to policy and research, as well as recommendations for Thredbo 12.     

浅析港口物流发展与对策

阐述了中外港口物流发展现状，研究了港口物流发展的重要性，提出了港口物流发展3阶段设想，在此基础上，分析了我国港口物流发展中存在的问题，并对物流的发展提出了对策建议。     

一种新型限速切断阀的静、动态性能研究

针对海洋工程装备的需要,提出一种新型限速切断阀。首先,对新型限速切断阀的结构和工作原理进行分析;然后,利用FLUENT软件建立限速切断阀内流道的流体计算模型,并进行流场数值模拟,得到限速切断阀内流道的压力分布、速度分布以及轴向液压力等数据,对限速切断阀的静态性能进行分析;最后,根据静态仿真分析所得数据,利用AMESim软件建立以限速切断阀为主的阀控液压缸系统动态仿真模型,对前后阻尼孔直径对限速切断阀性能及系统性能的影响进行分析。仿真结果表明,该限速切断阀的静态性能优良,且前后阻尼孔直径对限速切断阀及系统响应有较大影响。     

基于Elman网络的舰船组合导航系统误差补偿研究

为了提高卡尔曼滤波估计精度，提出了一种基于回归神经网络补偿卡尔曼滤波器估计误差的方法。根据Elman网络与非线性ARMA模型工作原理的相似性，利用Elman网络做误差估计器，补偿卡尔曼滤波器的估计精度。实际舰船航行数据仿真测试表明，该方法有效可行。     

国外舰船隔振器研究进展

20世纪90年代以来,国外在舰船隔振器方面开展了很多研究工作,包括橡胶隔振器、全金属隔振器、聚胺酯隔振器、气囊式隔振器及其他采用不同控制技术的隔振器等。本文用实例从不同方面介绍了它们的特点及应用。