青藏铁路多年冻土区路堑边坡病害特征及防治措施分析

青藏铁路格拉段多年冻土区共有路堑边坡78处,长约15.6 km,其稳定性直接关系到线路安全运营。根据现场调查,分析其稳定性状况、病害形式、影响因素及机理,讨论防治措施的合理性。结果表明:先后有15处出现病害,其中4处失稳,病害问题值得重视;病害形式包括坡面冲刷、纵向裂缝、防护结构破坏、滑塌、坡脚鼓胀等;病害位置以边坡上侧为主,而非阳坡侧,堑顶是最薄弱的部位,发育过程表现为周期性和波动性的恶化;地表水和冻结层上水的热侵蚀及活动层冻融作用是病害的主要原因,病害机理包括地表水冲刷、滞水冻胀和冻融循环;经过运营期检验,无防护的坡面容易冲刷变形,封闭式锚喷混凝土面容易滞水冻胀破裂,轻型、柔性的骨架护坡和L型挡墙防护效果较好。     

基于压缩式制冷技术的多年冻土保护方法研究

冻土退化及路基融沉病害是中国多年冻土区交通工程面临的关键障碍。基于制冷技术，提出一种更具实时性和有效性的多年冻土保护方法。通过多年冻土制冷需求分析、制冷方法对比、驱动源供应方法分析，提出太阳能光伏驱动压缩式制冷的节能方案。设计一款路基专用的一体化制冷系统，并从资源性、技术性、经济性等角度论证其实用性。研究结果表明：压缩式制冷系统的输出性能与结构形式可以有效应对多年冻土退化的大深度分布特征和冷负荷要求。青藏高原等多年冻土区的太阳辐照量充足，基于光伏发电技术可以解决路基沿线制冷驱动力的分散供应难题，太阳能制冷具有地域、季节匹配性好的优势。制冷组件包括压缩机、蒸发器、冷凝器和节流器等，其中功能部件蒸发器的结构形式为立式柱状螺旋形盘管。制冷系统可以预设不同的制冷温度和启停间隔，技术性和经济性条件良好。试验结果表明：装置在正温环境下的制冷温度约为-14℃，地层冷却半径在3.0 m以上；有效制冷系数随着周围土体温度的减小而逐渐降低，平均值在0.41以上。所提出的太阳能光伏压缩式制冷系统可为多年冻土区路基建设和运营保障提供一种新方法。     

中俄输油石油管道工程冻土环境保护技术研究

没有稳定的冻土环境，就难有冻土工程的稳定。文章通过对中俄原油管道工程沿线冻土环境特征的分析，论述了工程建设存在的主要冻土环境问题，针对冻土环境保护的关键技术展开技术研究，为拟建中俄原油管道工程冻土环境保护设计原则的确定提供了理论依据。     

风火山隧道施工机械配套技术

针对高海拔、缺氧、低温的特殊条件，介绍了风火山隧道机械设备的选型、配套使用方案及维修保养技术，初步探讨了低温缺氧环境对施工设备的影响，以及采取的适应性措施，为类似施工提供了依据。     

区域与次区域交通模型的一致性研究——以南加州橙县和尔湾市交通分析模型为例

介绍了区域交通模型和次区域交通模型，以及两种对接方法。以美国南加州橙县和尔湾市交通分析模型为例探讨实现交通模型一致性的具体过程。首先通过构建3级交通分析小区系统，运用土地利用／社会经济数据转换系数，以及遵循同区域交通模型相一致的公路网构建方式确保模型输入数据一致；同时，对次区域交通模型的模拟结果进行适当后处理，使其与实际交通量吻合。结果表明，尔湾市交通分析模型与橙县交通分析模型之间的结果差异为．4．2％，可认为二者之间是一致的。     

基于管理型财会人才培养的教学模式探索

文章以浙江工商大学的＂管理型财会人才培养模式创新实验区＂为例,对其在教学模式中的创新与实践进行分析,提出了进一步改革的思路。     

青藏铁路修筑后次生不良冻土现象的特征及发展趋势

青藏铁路的修建会形成次生不良冻土现象,次生不良冻土现象会对铁路产生诸多危害。研究青藏铁路修筑以后次生不良冻土现象的特征及发展趋势意义重大。对青藏铁路沿线不同类型的次生不良冻土现象进行调查研究,研究青藏铁路修筑以后次生不良冻土现象产生的机理、发育特征及发展趋势。查明对青藏铁路有直接或潜在威胁的次生不良冻土现象18处,其中与路基有关的次生不良冻土现象较少;与桥梁有关的次生不良冻土现象,主要是桥下形成冰椎、冰幔等;与涵洞有关的次生不良冻土现象,主要有涵洞下沉等。研究表明:未来气温升高导致多年冻土上限附近地下冰大量融化,将会产生诸多次生不良冻土病害,影响铁路的正常运营。     

Land Changes and Conflicts Coordination in Coastal Urbanization: A Case Study of the Shandong Peninsula in China

The coastal zone is an interaction region between land and ocean and an interface of geosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere, as well as greatly affected by human activities. Driven by economic activities and increased population, urbanization is rapidly developing in coastal zones, and a series of land resource and environmental conflicts have occurred, especially in developing countries at times of economic transition. This article reports a case study of the Shandong Peninsula of East China. We analyze the land-use practices and land cover changes of six cities over a timeframe of nearly a decade. We then review the management conflict issues. The most commonly encountered conflicts fall into three categories: those between expanding constructed land and decreased cultivated land; those between land resource utilization and conservation; and those between increasing demand for land and degrading land quality. All in all, they reflect the fundamental conflicts between short-term economic development gains and long-term food security and ecosystem sustainability. This article puts forward an institutional approach to coordinate these conflicts so as to realize integrated and coordinated coastal management.     

Challenges and Myths in Norwegian Coastal Zone Management

Abstract

This paper is written in response to a recent publication (Walker, 1973) which questions both the biological basis for wetlands preservation and the usefulnesss of scientific participation in the formulation of management policies. Our major points are that: (1) considerable evidence exists linking wetlands primary production to aquatic secondary production, (2) all available information suggests that large‐scale wetlands destruction results in lowered production of estuarine organisms of interest to man, (3) more than economics needs to be considered in attempts to analyze the procedures by which the wetlands controversy is to be resolved, and (4) uncertainty about the applicability of scientific findings to a particular problem situation does not destroy the usefulness of those findings in reaching a solution to a public controversy.     

The Quiet Revolution in Visual Resource Management: A view from the coast

Abstract

This introductory piece traces the growth of knowledge and activity associated with visual resource management in general. A specific framework of questions regarding methods of coastal zone visual resource management is presented. The state‐of‐the‐art in methodological studies is listed for each question, and the methodological questions are related to the major articles with the special issue of the Coastal Zone Management Journal. Major legal federal statutes, state statutes, and court cases are reviewed in light of visual resource management in the coastal zone. The remaining articles within the special issue that deal with integration of VRM into decision‐making are then arrayed against a management framework. This framework includes regulatory situations for (1) public land management and planning, (2) public projects involving private lands, and (3) public regulation of private projects.