The problem of cold starts: A closer look at mobile source emissions levels

While the phenomenon of excess vehicle emissions from cold-start conditions is well known, the magnitude and duration of this phenomenon is often unclear due to the complex chemical processes involved and uncertainty in the literature on this subject. This paper synthesizes key findings regarding the influence of ambient and engine temperatures on light-duty vehicle (LDV) emissions. Existing literature, as well as analytical tools like the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Motor Vehicle Emission Simulator (MOVES), indicate that while total vehicle emissions have dropped significantly in recent years, those associated with cold starts can still constitute up to 80% for some pollutant species. Starting emissions are consistently found to make up a high proportion of total transportation-related methane (CH₄), nitrous oxide (N₂O), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). After 3–4 min of vehicle operation, both the engine coolant and the catalytic converter have generally warmed, and emissions are significantly lower. This effect lasts roughly 45 min after the engine is shut off, though the cooling rate depends greatly on the emission species and ambient temperature. Electrically (pre-)heated catalysts, using the bigger batteries available on hybrid drivetrains and plug-in vehicles, may be the most cost-effective technology to bring down a sizable share of mobile source emissions. Trip chaining (to keep engines warm) and shifting to non-motorized modes for shorter trips, where the cold start can dominate emissions, are also valuable tactics.     

Centrifuge modelling of pipe-soil interaction in clay with crust layer

Seabed in regions, such as the Gulf of Guinea and North West Shelf of Australia, may exhibit a crust layer where the undrained shear strength can be an order of magnitude higher than that of the immediately underlying sediment. This can complicate design of steel catenary risers, where fatigue depends on the cyclic vertical stiffness of the pipe-soil interaction. Potential punch-through of the riser into the underlying soft soil may invalidate design assumptions based on the pipe-soil stiffness within the crust layer. The long-term evolution of pipe-soil stiffness within the crust layer, which exhibits similar properties to an over-consolidated soil, is also poorly understood. This paper describes centrifuge model tests undertaken in a clay sample with a crust layer, simulating the punch-through process of a pipe under load control and investigating the pipe-soil stiffness during long-term cyclic loading tests under displacement control. Results confirm that the potential for punching-through the crust layer depends strongly on the relative ratio of pipe diameter to crust layer thickness. The long-term evolution of pipe-soil stiffness showed a steady increase after an initial remoulding stage in contractile soils (normally consolidated and lightly over-consolidated), but a steady reduction in the heavily over-consolidated, more dilatant, crust. The magnitude of pipe-soil stiffness changes (during both remoulding and reconsolidation) is governed by the over-consolidation ratio of the soil and the amplitude of the cyclic displacements. This study provides insights on the relevant cyclic stiffness to consider when assessing SCR fatigue life in over-consolidated soils and soils exhibiting a superficial crust layer.     

大跨度钢箱梁斜拉桥中跨合龙关键技术

以4座主跨超过400 m的钢箱梁斜拉桥中跨合龙控制为背景,对大跨度钢箱梁斜拉桥中跨合龙的2种方法进行对比分析,对合龙各主要工序的关键技术进行研究。提出了合龙段配切长度的计算公式和合龙口宽度连续观测的测点布置方式。建议:在调整好合龙口姿态后可不加压重,也可不采用临时劲性骨架锁定;采用无线采集设备采集合龙口结构的温度场,用激光测距仪测量合龙口宽度以提高观测效率和安全性;在悬臂施工阶段关注梁长累计误差并通过调整后续梁段的制造长度消除之。     

大气压力和冷却液温度对柴油机性能影响的试验研究

利用内燃机高海拔(低气压)模拟试验系统,研究了大气压力和冷却液温度对柴油机性能与燃烧特性的影响规律。试验结果表明:随着进气压力降低,柴油机最高燃烧压力下降,缸内平均温度大幅升高,燃烧始点推迟且持续期延长,后燃严重,燃烧过程未能及时释放热量,动力性能和燃料经济性下降明显;随着冷却液温度的升高,最高燃烧压力增大,燃烧始点提前且持续期略有延长,燃烧重心略微前移,燃烧放热率减小,且大气压力越低冷却液温度对柴油机燃烧过程的影响越明显。在高海拔(低气压)条件下,提高柴油机冷却液工作温度,可以明显减少冷却液散热量,提高柴油机的热-功转换效率,显著改善柴油机的高原动力性和经济性,同时柴油机热负荷升高幅度并不大。     

面向控制的SCR催化转化器温度模型

为了建立面向控制的SCR催化器温度模型,根据能量守恒和质量守恒方程并考虑热平衡中所涉及的换热过程不同,建立了4种SCR催化器温度的数学模型,并利用Matlab/Simulink构建图形化的计算模型。采用柴油机欧洲稳态循环(ESC)和欧洲瞬态循环(ETC)条件下的台架实测数据对模型进行检验,基于最大离散程度、拟合度和计算时间3个指标对模型进行评价和比较。结果表明,考虑催化器与废气和周围环境对流换热的温度模型具有良好的预测精度和实时性,更适合用于SCR控制策略。     

温度变化引起桥梁裂缝的分析与预防

温度裂缝是桥梁裂缝常见形式之一,通过对温度裂缝产生原因的分析,提出了可以借鉴和使用的预防方法,希望对桥梁施工有所帮助。     

沥青玛蹄脂混合料的高温性能影响因素分析

沥青玛蹄脂混合料作为良好的钢桥面铺装层材料,其高温性能一直是关注的焦点,本文基于室内车辙试验研究了其高温性能影响因素,重点分析了荷载和温度、拌合时间及加铺SMA对沥青玛蹄脂混合料的高温性能指标动稳定度的影响规律,为今后玛蹄脂混合料的路用实践提供了借鉴.     

船舶艉轴机械密封环温度场与变形的理论研究

在船舶艉轴的机械密封中,不同材料的配合将产生不同数值的磨损和变形量。基于ANSYS有限元软件,建立橡胶-硬质合金密封的二维热-力耦合模型,分析力与温度场、力与变形之间关系。结果表明,静环橡胶的温度最高点和磨损严重区域发生在二维耦合模型中接触端面的上端面;动环和静环由最初的全端面接触变为部分接触,间隙呈锥度形状;在二维耦合模型中,随着端面比压的增大,下端面变形量增加的梯度明显大于上端面变形量增加的梯度。     

弹簧支吊架在FPSO高温管道中的应用

高温条件下管道热胀、冷缩和端点附加位移产生的位移载荷是造成管道应力过大和相连设备管口扭矩、反力过大的主要因素。合理设计管道走向和支架布置来增加管道系统柔性是减小管道热载、降低管道应力的主要途径。以机舱排烟管道系统为例,在CAESAR II中建立数值模型,分析了排烟管道的热胀载荷对管道的影响,比较了弹簧支架约束与刚性支架约束对高温排烟管道一次、二次应力的影响。研究发现,在高温管道中,弹簧支吊架不仅能增加管道系统的柔性,减小管道热应力,而且能降低管道对支架的约束载荷,减小管道所受的集中力。     

抗紫外老化剂对沥青性能的影响

为解决南方湿热地区沥青路面受紫外光老化影响问题，利用紫外老化环境箱和动态剪切流变仪研究老化时间和受阻胺类抗紫外老化卉l】（GW一944）对沥青高温动态力学性能、低温和疲劳性能的影响。试验结果表明：强紫外光降低了沥青疲劳性能和低温性能，改善了抗车辙性能，且随老化时间延长而加剧；受阻胺类抗紫外老化剂（GW-944）能较好地对SBS改性沥青进行抗老化性能改善，且对其性能改善存在合适的掺量范围，适宜掺量为0．5％，而对基质沥青性能改善并不适用。研究成果为沥青路面有效防治紫外光老化提供了技术依据。