Evolution of the household vehicle fleet: Anticipating fleet composition, PHEV adoption and GHG emissions in Austin, Texas

In today’s world of volatile fuel prices and climate concerns, there is little study on the relationship between vehicle ownership patterns and attitudes toward vehicle cost (including fuel prices and feebates) and vehicle technologies. This work provides new data on ownership decisions and owner preferences under various scenarios, coupled with calibrated models to microsimulate Austin’s personal-fleet evolution.Opinion survey results suggest that most Austinites (63%, population-corrected share) support a feebate policy to favor more fuel efficient vehicles. Top purchase criteria are price, type/class, and fuel economy. Most (56%) respondents also indicated that they would consider purchasing a Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) if it were to cost $6000 more than its conventional, gasoline-powered counterpart. And many respond strongly to signals on the external (health and climate) costs of a vehicle’s emissions, more strongly than they respond to information on fuel cost savings.Twenty five-year simulations of Austin’s household vehicle fleet suggest that, under all scenarios modeled, Austin’s vehicle usage levels (measured in total vehicle miles traveled or VMT) are predicted to increase overall, along with average vehicle ownership levels (both per household and per capita). Under a feebate, HEVs, PHEVs and Smart Cars are estimated to represent 25% of the fleet’s VMT by simulation year 25; this scenario is predicted to raise total regional VMT slightly (just 2.32%, by simulation year 25), relative to the trend scenario, while reducing CO₂ emissions only slightly (by 5.62%, relative to trend). Doubling the trend-case gas price to $5/gallon is simulated to reduce the year-25 vehicle use levels by 24% and CO₂ emissions by 30% (relative to trend).Two- and three-vehicle households are simulated to be the highest adopters of HEVs and PHEVs across all scenarios. The combined share of vans, pickup trucks, sport utility vehicles (SUVs), and cross-over utility vehicles (CUVs) is lowest under the feebate scenario, at 35% (versus 47% in Austin’s current household fleet). Feebate-policy receipts are forecasted to exceed rebates in each simulation year.In the longer term, gas price dynamics, tax incentives, feebates and purchase prices along with new technologies, government-industry partnerships, and more accurate information on range and recharging times (which increase customer confidence in EV technologies) should have added effects on energy dependence and greenhouse gas emissions.     

半刚性基层沥青路面冷再生稳定剂分析及选择

根据基层的性能要求,选定水泥作为现场冷再生的稳定剂,并从力学性能、抗冻性能、抗冲刷性能、耐久性能和抗收缩性能等方面分析冷再生沥青混合料在材料组成上的特点,可供同行参考和借鉴。     

Vehicle restrictions and CO2 emissions in Beijing – A simple projection using available data

The Beijing Government launched a new policy on restricting vehicle ownership in late 2010 to regulate the faster motorization and the excessive vehicular carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions. In this paper, we first analyzed this policy and its effect on private passenger vehicle population. The private passenger vehicle population in Beijing from 2011 to 2020 was predicted under three different scenarios: no constraint (NC), current constraint (CC) and tighter constraint (TC). Then the assessment of vehicular emissions reduction benefits was made on the basis of private passenger vehicle population, vehicle kilometers traveled and CO₂ emission factors. It was projected that the CO₂ emissions in 2020 will reach 23.90, 15.55 and 13.23 million tons under NC, CC and TC respectively. The policy is very effective in controlling the faster motorization and reducing CO₂ emissions.     

Controlled mechanical vibration applied to driver’s right heel to sustain alertness: Effects on cardiovascular behavior

Vehicle-related countermeasures to sustain driver’s alertness might improve traffic safety. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of somatosensory 20 Hz mechanical vibration, applied to driver’s right heel during prolonged, simulated, monotonous driving, on their cardiovascular hemodynamic behavior. In 12 healthy young male volunteers, during 90-min periods of simulated monotonous driving, we compared cardiovascular variables during application of 20 Hz mechanical vibration with 1.5 Hz as a control and with no vibration. The parameters recorded were indices of key cardiovascular hemodynamic phenomena, i.e., blood pressure as an indicator of stress, cardiac output, and total peripheral-vascular resistance. The principle results were that all conditions increased the mean blood pressure, and elicited a vascular-dominant reaction pattern typically observed in monotonous driving tasks. However, mean blood pressure and total peripheral-vascular resistance during the monotonous task were significantly decreased in those receiving the 20 Hz vibration as compared with 1.5 Hz and with no vibration. The observed differences indicate the cardiovascular system being more relieved from monotonous driving stress with the 20 Hz vibration. The major conclusion is that applying 20 Hz mechanical vibration to the right heel during long-distance driving in non-sleepy drivers could facilitate more physiologically appropriate status for vehicle operation and could be a potential vehicular countermeasure technology.     

翻车机牵车驱动装置优化改造

针对翻车机牵车驱动装置在设计上存在问题,从机械结构和电气控制上进行了分析,并相应地进行了优化改造,使之更合理,消除了故障隐患。     

爆胎汽车整车运动分析及控制

通过轮胎试验得到GT175/60 R14轮胎在正常胎压及零胎压下的力学特性参数,以此为依据,运用CarS im软件对爆胎汽车进行整车动力学仿真,找出汽车偏航原因,分析驾驶员不同操作所引起的整车运动性能变化以及汽车稳定性控制系统对爆胎汽车的影响。仿真结果表明,稳定性控制系统对于减轻爆胎带来的后果具有积极的作用。     

多孔混凝土基层缩缝处沥青面层应力分析

为了研究多孔混凝土基层沥青路面的结构设计方法,通过三维有限元数值分析方法,建立多孔混凝土基层缩缝处沥青路面的三维有限元模型,分析多孔混凝土基层缩缝处沥青面层的荷载应力、温度应力、荷载与温度耦合作用下的耦合应力。结果表明：基层缩缝处沥青面层底面荷载主应力多为压应力值,但其剪应力在接缝处出现峰值;在温度作用下,沥青面层应力峰值点的位置在基层缩缝中点处沥青面层的底面及表面;荷载和温度耦合作用下基层缩缝中点处沥青面层底面的第一主应力介于荷载应力和温度应力之间。     

大粒径沥青混合料基层施工压实控制研究

结合沪蓉西高速公路宜长试验段采用大粒径沥青混合料(LSAM)作为柔性基层的实例,采用核子密度仪进行施工压实度跟踪检测。检测结果表明:胶轮压路机对LSAM压实度的提高作用不明显;LSAM-30一次性铺筑13.5cm仍能保证其具有较好的压实性能;核子密度仪测得LSAM压实度有较高水平且有减小趋势时,应立即停止碾压。另外,对LSAM压实度"超百"现象进行了研究,指出对于LSAM基于旋转压实仪的标准密度能更好地指导现场施工。     

冷再生沥青混合料性能评价

从基层材料的功能要求出发,评价了乳化沥青冷再生混合料的高温性能、劈裂强度和水稳定,从而论证冷再生沥青混合料用作高速公路沥青路面基层材料的可行性。通过马歇尔稳定度试验和劈裂强度试验评价了冷再生混合料的强度性能,确定了混合料的最佳沥青用量;用车辙试验检验了再生混合料的高温稳定性;用冻融劈裂试验评价了再生混合料的水稳定性。研究发现,冷再生混合料的最佳沥青用量为(纯沥青油石比)2.5%;最佳油石比下,冷再生混合料车辙动稳定度均大于3000次/mm,冻融劈裂残余劈裂强度比为97.39%。结果表明,所设计的冷再生混合料具有较高的力学强度,优良的高温性能和水稳定性,能够用于铺筑高速公路沥青路面基层。     

高速公路水泥稳定碎石基层抗裂设计方法研究

针对目前水泥碎石基层的应用现状,分析了水泥碎石基层沥青路面产生反射裂缝的成因,并结合强度、干温缩变形性能提出了综合抗裂指数的抗裂评价指标。结合某高速公路工程建设实际,采用综合抗裂指数对水泥碎石基层设计级配进行了评价,并据此对该高速公路水泥稳定碎石基层进行了优化设计。研究结论表明采用综合抗裂指数评价水泥碎石基层的抗裂性能是一种很关键的指标。