粘流方法的螺旋桨尾流场数值分析(英文)

The computational fluid dynamics(CFD) method is used to numerically simulate a propeller wake flow field in open water.A sub-domain hybrid mesh method was adopted in this paper.The computation domain was separated into two sub-domains,in which tetrahedral elements were used in the inner domain to match the complicated geometry of the propeller,while hexahedral elements were used in the outer domain.The mesh was locally refined on the propeller surface and near the wake flow field,and a size function was used to control the growth rate of the grid.Sections at different axial location were used to study the spatial evolution of the propeller wake in the region ranging from the disc to one propeller diameter(D) downstream.The numerical results show that the axial velocity fluctuates along the wake flow;radial velocity,which is closely related to vortices,attenuates strongly.The trailing vortices interact with the tip vortex at the blades’ trailing edge and then separate.The strength of the vortex shrinks rapidly,and the radius decreases 20% at one diameter downstream.     

船舶柴油机曲轴动态强度分析

为准确分析二冲程船舶柴油机工作时曲轴的动态特性,结合Pro/E 3D软件和ANSYS软件对船舶柴油机曲轴、轴承、活塞、连杆等部件进行三维实体有限元建模,采用子结构法对其进行结构缩减,并将结果文件导入EXCITE软件中,建立整个船舶柴油机的轴系非线性多体动力学模型。采用该模型对曲轴进行一个循环的多体动力学计算。将计算结果恢复到曲轴实体有限元精细模型,进行正常工况下曲轴在一个循环内的动应力计算。结果表明,与单体曲轴强度分析方法相比,采用非线性多体动力学方法可获得更接近实际的曲轴载荷的边界条件,提高了船舶柴油机曲轴动态特性计算精度。     

Improving crosswind stability of fast rail vehicles using active secondary suspension

Rail vehicles are today increasingly equipped with active suspension systems for ride comfort purposes. In this paper, it is studied whether these often powerful systems also can be used to improve crosswind stability. A fast rail vehicle equipped with active secondary suspension for ride comfort purposes is exposed to crosswind loads during curve negotiation. For high crosswind loads, the active secondary suspension is used to reduce the impact of crosswind on the vehicle. The control input is taken from the primary vertical suspension deflection. Three different control cases are studied and compared with the only comfort-oriented active secondary suspension and a passive secondary suspension. The application of active secondary suspension resulted in significantly improved crosswind stability.     

Material characteristics of a vehicle door seal and its effect on vehicle vibrations

The vibration characteristics of the door panels are affected by the weatherstrip seals used in between the doors and vehicle body along the perimeter of the doors. The weatherstrip seals exhibit nonlinear and viscoelastic material properties that vary with frequency, temperature, strain rate and amplitude, and previous load history. The material properties of the seal must be investigated carefully in order to predict the vibration characteristics of the automobiles under different loading conditions.

In this study, we developed hyperelastic and viscoelastic models of the weatherstrip seal to predict dynamic performance of a vehicle door and its effect on the overall vehicle dynamics. For this purpose, first, static compression and stress relaxation experiments were performed on the seal using a robotic indenter equipped with force and displacement sensors and then a finite element model utilising the results of these experiments was developed in ANSYS. Finally, a representative model of the seal was integrated into the finite element model of the vehicle door to investigate its effect on the vehicle vibrations. The model predictions were validated using experimental modal analysis performed on the vehicle door with and without the seal. It was observed that the seal has a significant effect on the vehicle dynamics.     

Heavy vehicle pitch dynamics and suspension tuning. Part I: unconnected suspension

The influence of suspension tuning of passenger cars on bounce and pitch ride performance has been explored in a number of studies, while only minimal efforts have been made for establishing similar rules for heavy vehicles. This study aims to explore pitch dynamics and suspension tunings of a two-axle heavy vehicle with unconnected suspension, which could also provide valuable information for heavy vehicles with coupled suspensions. Based on a generalised pitch-plane model of a two-axle heavy vehicle integrating either unconnected or coupled suspension, three dimensionless measures of suspension properties are defined and analysed—namely the pitch margin (PM), pitch stiffness ratio (PSR), and coupled pitch stiffness ratio (CPSR)—for different unconnected suspension tunings and load conditions. Dynamic responses of the vehicle with three different load conditions and five different tunings of the unconnected suspension are obtained under excitations arising from three different random road roughness conditions and a wide range of driving speeds, and braking manoeuvres. The responses are evaluated in terms of performance measures related to vertical and pitch ride, dynamic tyre load, suspension travel, and pitch-attitude control characteristics of the vehicle. Fundamental relationships between the vehicle responses and the proposed suspension measures (PM, PSR, and CPSR) are established, based on which some basic suspension tuning rules for heavy vehicles with unconnected suspensions are also proposed.     

Motorcycle suspension design using matrix inequalities and passivity constraints

This paper presents a design methodology for the suspension system of a novel aerodynamically efficient motorcycle. Since the machine’s layout and the rider’s seating position are unconventional, several aspects of the machine design, including the suspension, must be reviewed afresh. The design process is based on matrix inequalities that are used to optimise a road-grip objective function – others could be used equally well. The design problem is cast as the minimisation of an H ₂ cost with passivity constraints imposed on the suspension transference. The resulting bilinear matrix inequality problem is solved using a locally optimal iterative algorithm. The matrix inequality-type characterisation of positive real functions permits the optimisation of the suspension system over an entire class of passive admittances. Torsional springs, dampers and inerters are then used to construct networks corresponding to the optimal (positive real) admittances. Networks of first, second, third and fourth orders are considered, and an argument based on the compromise between complexity and improved grip is made for the most suitable suspension configuration. Finally, the effects of improved road grip on the stability of the vehicle’s lateral dynamics are analysed.     

The bricycle: a bicycle in zero gravity can be balanced or steered but not both

A bicycle or inverted pendulum can be balanced, that is kept nearly upright, by accelerating the base. This balance is achieved by steering on a bicycle. Simultaneously one can also control the lateral position of the base: changing of the track line of a bike or the position of hand under a balanced stick. We show here with theory and experiment that if the balance problem is removed, by making the system neutrally stable for balance, one cannot simultaneously maintain balance and control the position of the base. We made a bricycle, essentially a bicycle with springy training wheels. The stiffness of the training wheel suspension can be varied from near infinite, making the bricycle into a tricycle, to zero, making it effectively a bicycle. The springy training wheels effectively reduce or even negate gravity, at least for balance purposes. One might expect a smooth transition from tricycle to bicycle as the stiffness is varied, in terms of handling, balance and feel. Not so. At an intermediate stiffness, when gravity is effectively zeroed, riders can balance easily but no longer turn. Small turns cause an intolerable leaning. Thus there is a qualitative difference between bicycles and tricycles, a difference that cannot be met halfway.     

Vehicle dynamics control of an electric-all-wheel-drive hybrid electric vehicle using tyre force optimisation and allocation

ABSTRACT

Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV) offer improved fuel efficiency compared to conventional vehicles at the expense of adding complexity and at times, reduced total power. As a result, HEV generally lack the dynamic performance that customers enjoy. To address this issue, the paper presents a HEV with electric All-Wheel-Drive capabilities via the use of torque vectoring electric rear axle drive (TVeRAD) to power the rear axle. The addition of TVeRAD to a front wheel drive HEV improves the total power output. To improve the handling characteristics of the vehicle, the TVeRAD provides torque vectoring at the rear axle. A bond graph model of the drivetrain is developed and used in co-simulation with CarSim. The paper proposes a control system which utilises control allocation to optimise tyre forces. The proposed control system is tested in the simulation environment with a high fidelity CarSim vehicle model. Simulation results show the control system is able to maximise vehicle longitudinal performance while avoiding tyre saturation on low mu surfaces. More importantly, the control system is able to track the desired yaw moment request on a high speed double lane change manoeuvre through the use of the TVeRAD to improve the handling characteristic of the vehicle.     

Assessment of a semi-Hertzian method for determination of wheel–rail contact patch

Wheel–rail contact calculations are essential for simulating railway vehicle dynamic behavior. Currently, these simulations usually use the Hertz contact theory to calculate normal forces and Kalker's ‘FASTSIM’ program to evaluate tangential stresses. Since 1996, new methods called semi-Hertzian have appeared: 5 Kik, W. and Piotrowski, J. A fast approximate method to calculate normal load at contact between wheel and rail and creep forces during rolling. Paper presented at the 2nd Mini-conference on Contact Mechanics and Wear of Rail/Wheel Systems. July29–31, Budapest.  [Google Scholar] 7 Ayasse, J. B., Chollet, H. and Maupu, J. L. 2000. Paramètres caractéristiques du contact roue-rail. Rapport de Recherche INRETS n225, ISSN 0768–9756 (in French) [Google Scholar] (STRIPES). These methods attempt to estimate the non-elliptical contact patches with a discrete extension of the Hertz theory. As a continuation of 2 Ayasse, J. B and Chollet, H. 2005. Determination of the wheel–rail contact patch in semi-Hertzian conditions. Vehicle System Dynamics, 43(3) [Google Scholar], a validation of the STRIPES method for normal problem computing on three test cases is proposed in this article. The test cases do not fulfill the hypothesis required for the Hertz theory. Then, the Kalker's FASTSIM algorithm is adapted to STRIPES patch calculus to perform tangential forces computation. This adaptation is assessed using Kalker's CONTACT algorithm.     

醇胺与羧酸阻锈剂分子的构效评估与机理分析

钢筋阻锈剂是一种高性价比的钢筋防腐材料，在桥梁钢筋混凝土结构中应用广泛。有机阻锈剂的阻锈效率主要取决于其分子结构，然而受仪器设备分辨率所限，目前的相关研究多集中于宏观尺度的电化学响应分析，较少涉及微纳尺度的阻锈机理分析。因此，基于分子动力学技术，分别建立了阻锈剂与钢筋钝化膜的纳观尺度模型，模拟了醇胺类、羧酸类阻锈剂分子与钢筋钝化膜间的界面交互作用，揭示了原子尺度上的阻锈机理。基于阻锈剂-钝化膜分子动力学模型对其阻锈响应规律进行分析，确定2种有机分子均可有效阻碍氯离子在钢筋钝化膜表面的吸附和点蚀，其中羧酸类阻锈剂的阻锈效率更佳（75.8%）。通过深入探究2种阻锈剂与钢筋钝化膜基体吸附差异，研究发现：高极性的羧基官能团可与钢筋钝化膜表面的羟基发生强烈的静电吸引作用，使得羧酸类分子稳定地吸附在钝化膜表面，氯离子的吸附位点被大量占据，因而阻锈效率较高；而醇胺类分子由于官能团极性较弱，在界面上的吸附作用不显著；同时，分子模拟证明，阻锈剂中的极性官能团还能直接吸引氯离子，这一机制同样抑制了氯离子在钢筋表面的吸附和破坏；此外，电化学试验的结果与分子模拟一致，这表明分子模拟技术可在有机阻锈剂的分子设计与评估中发挥重要作用，继而为钢筋混凝土结构的耐久性设计提供科学依据与技术手段。