USV发展现状及展望

  目的  无人艇（USV）在复杂环境情况下会出现偏离目标航线的情况,为提高水面无人艇的抗干扰能力及实际航行的稳定性,实现对航迹的准确控制,提出一种改进的无人艇航迹控制方法。  方法  根据导航信号受环境影响的情况,对GPS信号有效和无效2种情况下的航迹控制分别进行分析,在自主可控平台上设计并实现了基于模糊控制可变船长比的视线导引算法（LOS）和自抗扰航向控制器(ADRC)相结合的航迹控制方法,并开展了双桨双舵无人艇湖上试验。  结果  仿真结果表明：该方法可满足航迹控制的要求,转弯后航向能够快速保持稳定,无频繁摆舵现象,且该方法能够完成真实环境下的航迹控制,航迹贴线误差均值约为0.1 m,方差约为0.03。  结论  湖上试验结果验证了该算法在实际工程应用中的可行性和有效性。     

无人帆船循迹航行的控制研究

提出一种适用于无人帆船循迹航行的控制器,并应用于一条1.5m长风帆艇的湖上航行测试。该控制器包含三个独立模块,局部路径策略模块决定帆艇的转向过程;帆自动控制模块根据帆位角和相对风向角的对应关系获取最佳推进力;舵自动控制模块基于从航海经验中提炼的245条模糊控制规则实现航迹调整。1.5m帆艇的湖上测试结果表明,该控制器在多种风场条件下都可有效完成帆艇的循迹航行,具有在无人帆船上实现长程航行的应用前景。     

PCM+“短接法”在站场埋地管道定位中的应用

为了实现站场内埋地管道的非开挖定位,借鉴长输管道定位技术,采用PCM+探索实现站内管道定位的方法。站场内管道错综复杂,用电设备干扰大,按照正常信号加载方式,电流信号在埋地管道和用电设备之间无序流动,无法实现目标管道准确定位。采用PCM+"短接法",用金属导线将发射机与待检埋地管道直接相连,不经过地网,而形成"发射机-导线-管道-导线-发射机"的封闭回路,接收机可准确探测到埋地管道的位置,现场试验效果良好,经开挖验证后发现误差小于100 mm。     

A proposal for cost-related and market-oriented train running charges

This paper examines some key aspects of a charging system for promoting railway transport, including charges reflecting a clear relationship with costs (transparency) and charges reflecting the quality of the infrastructure manager's service. Train running charges recover track-related costs and can help to develop a charging system that meets these requirements. To orient train running charges to the market, a method for processing track maintenance and renewal costs is proposed whereby the quality of the service provided by an infrastructure is measured according to its utility to the railway undertaking. To achieve transparency, a single indicator is used for cost planning and the subsequent levying of costs on railway undertakings. The paper includes an example of how proposed train running charges would be calculated according to data from 14 European countries. The example shows that short-distance trains generate the lowest maintenance and renewal costs, followed by long-distance trains and freight trains.     

A practical capacity model of a single track line

The paper presents a model for determining the practical capacity of a single track line, i.e. the maximum number of trains which can be run along it in a time unit under the condition that each train enters its bottleneck segment with a definite delay.

The input data used in the model are: geometrical characteristics of the bottleneck segment of the line under study, the intensity and structure of demand expressed by a number of trains which are run over the line in a given time unit, the scenario of traffic running over the line under study and the operational tactics of individual train categories processing on the bottleneck segment.

(Two tactics can be applied in the train processing on the line under study; first, the trains of individual categories are given different priorities in the processing, and second, all the trains have the same priority).

The output results of the model are average delays of trains of each category occurring within the train processing performed on the bottleneck segment of the line under study in a given time unit.     

Dynamics of the railway track and the underlying soil: the boundary-element solution, theoretical results and their experimental verification

A combined finite-element boundary-element method is presented in detail to calculate the dynamic interaction of the railway track and the underlying soil. A number of results are shown for ballasted and slab track, demonstrating the influence of the stiffness of the soil and the rail pads on the vertical compliance of the track. The compliance of the track is combined with a simple model of the vehicle giving the transfer function of vehicle-track interaction. An experimental verification of the theoretical results is achieved by harmonic and impulse excitation with and without static (train-) load and by combined measurements of train-track-soil interaction. A clear vehicle-track resonance is found for the slab track with elastic rail pads and for higher frequencies at highspeed traffic, the dynamic axle loads due to sleeper passage are reduced.     

建设节约型地铁车辆段初探

分析当前地铁车辆段设计中存在的问题,提出建设节约型车辆段的设想;从地铁设计规范、车辆检修工艺、站场线路设计、房屋建筑设计等不同角度,探讨压缩车辆段建设规模、减少工程占地和投资降低能量消耗的可行性;以翔实的数据和图片,介绍国内外车辆段设计的成功经验。     

A new model for temporal–spatial stochastic analysis of vehicle–track coupled systems

The vehicle–track coupled system has a random nature in the time–space domain. This paper proposes a computational model to analyse the temporal–spatial stochastic vibrations of vehicle–track systems, where the vehicle–track system is divided into a vehicle subsystem, track subsystem, and interfacial subsystem between the wheel and rail. In this model, the time-varying randomicity of dynamical parameters of the vehicle system, correlation, and randomness of the track structural parameters in the time–space joint dimensions, and randomness of the track random irregularities are considered. A probability dimension-reduction method was used to randomly combine different random variables. Furthermore, the probability density evolution method was applied to solve the delivery problem of probabilities between excitation inputs and response outputs. The temporal–spatial stochastic vibrations of the vehicle–track system with different coefficients of variation were studied, in which we assumed that the dynamic parameters obeyed the normal distribution, and the stochastic simulation method of the track random irregularities is probed into. The calculated results from this model are consistent with the actual measured results and physical conceptions. Thus, the temporal–spatial stochastic evolutionary mechanism can be explored, and the limits of dynamic indices can be formulated by using this developed model.     

Distributed support modelling for vertical track dynamic analysis

The finite length nature of rail-pad supports is characterised by a Timoshenko beam element formulation over an elastic foundation, giving rise to the distributed support element. The new element is integrated into a vertical track model, which is solved in frequency and time domain. The developed formulation is obtained by solving the governing equations of a Timoshenko beam for this particular case. The interaction between sleeper and rail via the elastic connection is considered in an analytical, compact and efficient way. The modelling technique results in realistic amplitudes of the ‘pinned–pinned’ vibration mode and, additionally, it leads to a smooth evolution of the contact force temporal response and to reduced amplitudes of the rail vertical oscillation, as compared to the results from concentrated support models. Simulations are performed for both parametric and sinusoidal roughness excitation. The model of support proposed here is compared with a previous finite length model developed by other authors, coming to the conclusion that the proposed model gives accurate results at a reduced computational cost.