学区尺度下小学生通学事故风险评估及影响因素

为评估学区尺度下小学生通学事故风险并获取其影响因素,融合交通事故数据、道路运行数据和学区划分数据,构建学区尺度下通学事故风险评估方法,并运用随机森林模型分析其影响因素.以小学生在学区内部小学通学为原则,构建基于交通事故数据和道路长度的道路暴露度模型评估小学生通学事故风险.以深圳市中心城区为例进行验证.结果表明:深圳市中...     

Excess commuting and modal choice

This paper reports results from research conducted to analyse the extent of excess commuting in Dublin, Ireland. The research differs from similar studies on excess commuting in two ways. First, a disaggregate modal choice analysis of excess commuting is undertaken for two time periods – 1991 and 2001. Second, sensitivity analysis is undertaken to explore the impact of changes in the density of the transport network for users of public and private transport. The results suggest that excess commuting is considerably greater for users of private transport implying the greater inefficiency of commuting associated with that mode. By way of contrast, capacity utilisation measures suggest the opposite indicating the difficulty of using these measures for policy-making. The results suggest also that the greater inter-mixing of jobs–housing functions has facilitated reductions in actual commuting costs as well as increasing the range of available trip possibilities over the study period. In terms of the sensitivity analysis, the results suggest that public transport users could achieve dramatic savings on their commute if the density of that network was increased considerably.     

上海轨道交通早高峰客流拥挤与居民通勤关系分析

分析了上海轨道交通客流时段分布特征、客流潮汐现象以及拥挤断面分布等高峰特征。通过分析早高峰时段轨道交通客流的空间分布特征,找出经过高峰客流拥挤断面的客流去向。利用手机信令数据分析经过拥挤断面的外围轨道交通站点1 km范围内居民的职住空间分布,得出这些外围站点周边居民70%以上在中心城区就业、旱高峰集中乘坐轨道交通前往中心城上班的结果。分析了居民通勤的主要通道,发现通勤(职住)通道上的客流不平衡与轨道交通早高峰客流拥挤有较强的相关性。     

都市圈通勤出行行为特性分析与建模

为研究都市圈范围内通勤出行的交通方式选择行为,分析出行特性,揭示个体属性、家庭属性及出行属性对方式选择的影响,本文建立都市圈通勤出行Nested Logit 模型,对北京都市圈内廊坊市“北三县”的4 385 个进京通勤者的出行方式选择机理进行研究. 结果表明,出行方式的费用、出行时间及换乘次数均对通勤者出行方式选择产生显著影响. 为验证模型的有效性,提出两种政策改善方案,分析各方案下出行方式划分率变化情况,数据显示综合改善效果下小汽车的出行方式比例下降2.46%,公交与地铁的出行比例分别提高1.73%和 0.75%,表明方案对交通方式分担率改善效果明显.     

基于手机信令数据的上海市域职住空间分析

居民居住地与工作地的空间关系是城市空间布局的重要依据.基于手机信令数据,提出分区域的居民通勤距离和就业岗位通勤距离计算方法.通过对比验证了手机信令数据与居民出行调查数据的职住空间和距离分布特征较为吻合.重点分析上海市中心城区及周边地区的职住空间关系及通勤距离.提出职住通道平衡概念,并分析职住通道不平衡地区与轨道交通拥挤程度的关系,指出土地利用布局优化对职住通道平衡的重要性.通过分析不同新城的职住空间特征,探讨新城范围划定对统计分析的影响,总结了新城职住空间较为独立、居民内部就业率较高的特征.     

Jobs-housing imbalance, spatial correlation, and excess commuting

In this paper, we use continuous urban structure instead of zonal model, try to calculate unbiased excess commuting with joint distribution of homes and workplaces developed by Vaughan (1974), and describe the relationship between urban structure and commuting distance explicitly and theoretically for generalized home-workplace assignment pattern. We simplify the quadrivariate distribution model to a model with three important parameters: the spread of homes, the spread of workplaces, and the spatial correlation of homes and workplaces. Then we show that excess commuting and capacity utilization are expressed by the imbalance and the spatial correlation of jobs-housing structure in a theoretical context, moreover it explicitly evaluates targeting US and Japanese/Korean cities.     

Urban spatial location advantage: The dual of the transportation problem and its implications for land-use and transport planning

Numerous recent studies have investigated the relationship between the location of jobs and housing in urban areas and how this relates to urban commuting patterns. Few have utilised the dual of the transportation problem of linear programming (TPLP) to provide insights into these relationships Accordingly, this analysis utilises the TPLP to determine dual variable values (shadow prices) for a study area in Dublin, Ireland. The approach determines the pattern of relative location advantage for the peak and off-peak travel periods and for public and private transport for 1991 and 2001. The results are set against the expected results for hypothetical urban structures. The results show that the pattern of relative location advantage has altered sharply over the study period for off-peak trip-making but has remained more or less the same for trip-making in the peak period. For the off-peak period, the pattern of relative location advantage has shifted from the central area to the periphery specifically for private transport trips; for public transport, the pattern has remained focused on the city centre. This indicates that private transport users can react more quickly to changes in the distribution of land-use activities than their public transport counterparts due to the relatively fixed nature of the latter mode. This implies that the public transport network needs to be reorganized to better reflect the revised pattern of trip-making specifically for the off-peak period. The results demonstrate the value of using the approach for providing information about the spatial organisation of land uses within cities and where future development may be targeted.     

An investigation into the feasibility of increasing rail use as an alternative to the car

With rail travel largely seen to be a more sustainable method than road-based transport, this paper examines the market segments amongst existing motorists that would be most likely to travel by train in the UK. The analysis is based on a large survey in London and the south-east of England, the area surrounding the routes operated by the train company First Capital Connect. Findings show that train travellers tend to be middle-aged and of a higher social grade, typically taking commuting or business trips. Individuals living within four miles of a station are considerably more likely to travel by rail than those further away. Given the competition from road-based transport, it is of particular interest that the measure highlighted to increase rail use for those living further away from the rail network is to enhance car parking at train stations.     

Employment suburbanisation, reverse commuting and travel behaviour by residents of the central city in the Paris metropolitan area

This paper analyses the relationship between employment suburbanisation in the Paris metropolitan area, the growth of reverse commuting and changes in the weekday travel behaviour of working residents of the central city over a 20-year period. The results show that the number of reverse commuters has significantly increased because the municipality of Paris has lost many jobs but few working residents whilst employment has developed in the suburbs. Reverse commuters are mainly and increasingly high-income professionals whose workplace is located close to the central city in employment sub-centres that are well served by public transport. Consequently reverse commuters have lower than average car use although differences exist and are related to their professional status. The policy implications of these findings are discussed in the conclusion.     

Car use,commuting and urban form in a rapidly growing city: evidence from Beijing

The links between urban form and travel behaviour have been widely studied in the field of travel demand management. However, the existing literature is dominated by case studies from the developed countries. A study of a city in a developing and industrialising country can add some fresh evidence to the debate on the impacts of urban form on travel patterns. Using household survey data from Beijing, this paper finds that aspects of urban form have significant effects on workers' car use and the duration of travel by car in journeys to work, while controlling for socio-economic factors and households’ preferences related to residential location. The sprawling patterns of land development play a negative role in reducing motorised commuting trips and shortening vehicle hours travelled in the current processes of rapid urban expansion and motorisation. Since urban sprawl is greatly influenced by growing market forces, the findings in this paper reveal the negative effects of regulation–liberation of land development management on travel behaviour modification.