沪青平高速公路真空预压处理的工程造价分析

该文简要介绍了上海沪青平高速公路中段工程真空预压处理应用情况,分析了真空预压工艺各项费用构成及影响因素,总结了沪青平中段工程各桥头真空预压处理费用,提出了不同地质条件下真空预压处理的典型经济指标。     

设计施工招标投标与工程造价的控制

该文叙述了确保工程项目质量及控制工程投资的途径和手段。分别阐述了设计招标投标阶段和施工招标投标阶段对工程造价进行控制的着重点。     

浅谈基础设施项目工程造价全过程管理

分析了基础设施项目建设管理过程中存在的问题,阐明了对基础设施建设造价进行全过程管理的意义。运用工程项目造价全过程管理理论,即全生命周期造价管理理论,对基础设施项目建设造价进行全过程管理,并且详细分析了从项目的前期决策阶段到项目的实施阶段进行造价管理的方法。     

加强施工图设计阶段工程投资的控制

建设项目投资控制是工程设计中的重要内容之一,投资控制贯穿于项目建设的全过程。也就是在满足技术规范要求的基础上,采取技术措施,将工程投资控制在主管部门批文的幅度内。本文结合上海市嘉金(A5)高速公路建设设计过程,着重讨论施工图设计阶段设计优化的重要性和必要性。     

价值工程在客车研发中的应用

简要介绍价值工程的原理及价值工程在客车成本控制方面的实际应用。     

公路货运企业生产成本分析

当前对运输成本的分析较为笼统,缺乏具体针对公路货运企业成本的分析。公路货运与其它运输方式货运相比成本有很大的区别。通过比较研究公路货运企业的短期成本和长期成本的性质,得出了公路货运企业成本的弱垄断性。并采用超越对数成本函数对成本进行分析,根据超越对数成本函数的性质验证了公路货运企业的规模效应。     

出行时间成本的测算方法及其影响因素分析

介绍了出行时间成本理论的假定,基于机会成本原理对出行时间成本进行了测算,针对其基本特性对其影响因素进行了深入分析,并据此在工资法的基础上提出了出行时间成本的计算模型。     

Bus congestion, optimal infrastructure investment and the choice of a fare collection system in dedicated bus corridors

Microeconomic optimisation of scheduled public transport operations has traditionally focused on finding optimal values for the frequency of service, capacity of vehicles, number of lines and distance between stops. In addition, however, there exist other elements in the system that present a trade-off between the interests of users and operators that have not received attention in the literature, such as the optimal selection of a fare payment system and a designed running speed (i.e., the cruising speed that buses maintain in between two consecutive stops). Alternative fare payment methods (e.g., on-board and off-board, payment by cash, magnetic strip or smart card) have different boarding times and capital costs, with the more efficient systems such as a contactless smart card imposing higher amounts of capital investment. Based on empirical data from several Bus Rapid Transit systems around the world, we also find that there is a positive relationship between infrastructure cost per kilometre and commercial speed (including stops), achieved by the buses, which we further postulate as a linear relationship between infrastructure investment and running speed. Given this context, we develop a microeconomic model for the operation of a bus corridor that minimises total cost (users and operator) and has five decision variables: frequency, capacity of vehicles, station spacing, fare payment system and running speed, thus extending the traditional framework. Congestion, induced by bus frequency, plays an important role in the design of the system, as queues develop behind high demand bus stops when the frequency is high. We show that (i) an off-board fare payment system is the most cost effective in the majority of circumstances; (ii) bus congestion results in decreased frequency while fare and bus capacity increase, and (iii) the optimal running speed grows with the logarithm of demand.     

Assessing the cost of transfer inconvenience in public transport systems: A case study of the London Underground

Few studies have adequately assessed the cost of transfers² in public transport systems, or provided useful guidance on transfer improvements, such as where to invest (which facility), how to invest (which aspect), and how much to invest (quantitative justification of the investment). This paper proposes a new method based on path choice,³ taking into account both the operator’s service supply and the customers’ subjective perceptions to assess transfer cost and to identify ways to reduce it. This method evaluates different transfer components (e.g., transfer walking, waiting, and penalty) with distinct policy solutions and differentiates between transfer stations and movements.The method is applied to one of the largest and most complex public transport systems in the world, the London Underground (LUL), with a focus on 17 major transfer stations and 303 transfer movements. This study confirms that transfers pose a significant cost to LUL, and that cost is distributed unevenly across stations and across platforms at a station. Transfer stations are perceived very differently by passengers in terms of their overall cost and composition. The case study suggests that a better understanding of transfer behavior and improvements to the transfer experience could significantly benefit public transport systems.     

有限经济批量和库存的模拟退火算法

研究在一个简单供应链中的生产批量和配送计划问题。解决在供应链中减少单位时间库存、设备和运输的平均成本生产批量及运送计划。假设所有影响因素如产品需求率都已限定在有限的计划范围内,利用模拟退火算法具有的较强局部搜索能力特性弥补传统算法的不足,计算结果表明SA算法能够找到问题的最优解或近似最优解,是解决该问题的有效方法。