Simulation of an airbag deployment in out-of-position situations

The commonly used 'uniform pressure method' (UP) is a well-tried method to simulate an airbag deployment in accident cases. Nevertheless, this method indicates rather heavy inadequacies at the examination of the airbag deployment in the first milliseconds. A solution is the airbag deployment calculation by using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods, wherein the calculated gas flow pressure may be applied 'correctly' to the airbag shell elements.

This CFD simulation is integrated in LS-Dyna with the so-called Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE) method and in this review the result's accuracy will be discussed. According to the FMVSS 208, an OoP model will be built-on and comparisons with simulations and tests are done. Another important detail in this labour is the airbag cover examination and the tear seam modelling, as a trivial FE modelling cannot be done due to the very fine mesh. So two possible solutions for tear seam modelling are introduced and discussed. Furthermore considerations concerning the gas generator combustion will also be revealed and an analysis about the impossibility of the direct comparison between gas generator tank test and airbag deployment will be done. At least some parameters, which take effects in the simulation, are researched and evaluated, so finally an optimised simulation model can be made available for further examinations.     

微观尺度下温拌再生混合料新-旧沥青界面融合特性

新-旧沥青的有效融合,对再生混合料的使用性能起着决定性作用。深入分析新-旧沥青的扩散过程、量化两者的混合程度,对再生混合料的设计及其性能调节具有极大的实际意义。为了比较真实地模拟新-旧沥青的扩散行为,探讨新-旧沥青界面融合特性,不同混合条件下新-旧沥青融合程度的定量分析、相容渗透剂对新-旧沥青迁移深度的影响。从微观尺度出发,首先模拟温拌再生混合料新-旧沥青融合的三阶段：物理裹附、机械拌合、相互扩散;在分层抽提的基础上,通过凝胶渗透色谱（GPC）,获取沥青分子量大小和分布情况,对新-旧沥青融合程度进行量化分析;然后选取合适的分子示踪剂及试验参数,采用傅里叶转换红外光谱（FTIR）研究新-旧沥青的迁移深度,探讨相容渗透剂对新-旧沥青的迁移深度影响。结果表明：大分子比例（LMS）定义的混合效率,可有效定量表征新-旧沥青的融合;无扩散阶段的温拌再生混合料中新-旧沥青的混合效率为29.8%,扩散阶段保温2 h后混合效率达到56.3%,两者的混合效率相差26.5%;对新-旧沥青融合的扩散阶段进行保温,改善了新-旧沥青的融合效果;端氨基丁腈橡胶（ATBN）具有沥青不具有的基团,可以作为适宜的分子示踪剂;添加渗透性良好的相容渗透剂可增加旧沥青的渗透深度,当分层抽提层数为3层时,未加相容渗透剂,新-旧沥青迁移深度为2层,添加相容渗透剂后,迁移深度增加为3层。     

单燃料LPG电喷发动机的排放试验研究

通过优化发动机压缩比,调整点火提前角,改善了LPG电喷发动机的燃烧过程。实验结果表明,电控喷射LPG燃气发动机外特性功率、转矩的最大下降较原汽油机分别小于3.0％、3.2％;在常用部分负荷工况,发动机CO排放小于1％、HC排放小于150×10-6,NOx排放也得到较大幅度改善。     

甲醇汽油混合燃料的甲醛排放试验研究

对M10(甲醇占10%,90号汽油占90%)、M15两种混合燃料及汽油M0在小型内燃机上进行了不同载荷下甲醛排放试验。结果表明,M10与M15甲醇汽油混合燃料在空载和满载时尾气排放中的甲醛含量较高,半载时的甲醛含量低;在空载时,随着甲醇比例的增加,尾气中的甲醛也相应增加。     

Comparative analysis of essential oils found in Rhizomes Curcumae and Radix Curcumae by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

A comparison of the volatile compounds in Rhizomes Curcumae （Ezhu） and Radix Curcumae （Yujin） was undertaken using gas chromatography mass spectrometi-y （GC-MS）. Ultrasonic extraction and GC-MS methods were developed for the simultaneous determination of five sesquiterpenes, namely, α-pinene, β-elemene, curcumol, germacrone and curdione, in Ezhu and Yunjin. Good linearity （r〉0.999） and high inter-day precision were observed over the investigated concentration ranges. The validated method was successfully used for the simultaneous determination of five sesquiterpenes in Ezhu and Yujin. The quantitative method can be effectively used to evaluate and monitor the quality of Chinese curcuma in clinical use.     

A rapid method for the determination of dopamine in porcine muscle by pre-column derivatization and HPLC with fluorescence detection

A rapid method has been developed based on the sample preparation procedure named as QuEChERS （Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe）, combined with reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detector and C18 column after precolumn derivatization using o-phthalaldehyde and 2-mercaptoethanol to determine dopamine in porcine muscle. Methanol and deionized water （0.1% acetic acid, v/v） with a ratio of 60：40 was used as mobile phase. The flow rate was 0.8 mL/min and dopamine was eluted within 15 min. The linearity range was 0.003-8 μg/mL with r=0.9992. The detection limit for dopamine was 4 μg/kg and the quantification limit was 9 μg/kg. Recovery studies were carried out at 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg fortification levels and the average recoveries obtained ranged from 90.4% to 98.2% with relative standard deviations between 3.5% and 8.1%. The method was found to be suitable for detection of dopamine in animal product tissues at the maximum residue level.     

SPE-GC法研究急慢性吗啡中毒大鼠死后肝、脑组织吗啡的再分布

目的　确定急、慢性吗啡中毒大鼠死后肝、脑组织内吗啡再分布的存在。方法　建立急、慢性吗啡中毒大鼠模型 ,采用固相萃取 -气相色谱分析 (SPE GC)法进行研究。结果　急性中毒组大鼠死后 96h内 ,脑组织吗啡含量相对稳定 ,肝组织内吗啡含量随死亡时间延长增加 ;慢性成瘾组大鼠死后脑组织吗啡含量在 48h内相对稳定 ,48h后逐渐升高 ,肝组织吗啡含量随死亡时间的延长显著增加 ,与急性中毒组相同时间相比增长幅度显著差异。结论　急、慢性吗啡中毒大鼠死后肝、脑组织内吗啡进行再分布 ,且生前进入体内的吗啡量影响死后肝、脑组织内吗啡的再分布。     

Real-world gaseous and particle emissions of a Bi-fuel gasoline/CNG Euro 6 passenger car

The objective of the present study is the assessment of the environmental impact of a bivalent (bi-fuel) vehicle, running either on gasoline or compressed natural gas (CNG). To that aim, a Euro 6 passenger car was tested under various real-world driving conditions. In order to cover the full range of conventional powertrains currently in the market, the tests were also repeated on a Euro 6 diesel passenger car. Both cars were driven in two routes, the first complying with the regulation limits and the second going beyond them. Carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NO_x) and particle number (PN) emissions were recorded using a Portable Emissions Measurement System (PEMS). Apart from the aggregated emission levels, in g/km, the exact emission location along the route was also assessed. Natural gas proved beneficial for CO and PN emissions, the level of which always remained below the respective legislation limits. On the other hand, under the dynamic driving conditions with gasoline, the relevant limits were exceeded. Cold start, occurring at the beginning of the urban part, and motorway driving were identified as major contributors to total emissions, especially in gasoline mode. However, the application of natural gas was associated with a penalty in NO_x emissions, which were significantly increased as compared to gasoline. Local peaks within the urban part were identified in CNG mode. In any case, the diesel vehicle was by far the highest NO_x emitter.     

Statistical model for gas turbine engines exhaust emissions

A statistical analysis has been developed from the ICAO databank to predict aero-engines exhaust emissions during a landing and take-off cycle (LTO). The ICAO databank contains updated emission indices for a vast number of turbojet and turbofan engines only, with thrust ratings greater than 26.7 kN. Correlations are developed and proposed for turboprop and turboshaft engines to overcome the difficulty of assessing exhaust emissions from these engines in absence of industry data. LTO emissions are predicted for a turbofan-powered commuter airplane (Embraer E195) using the surrogate model. It is demonstrated that the predictions are closer to the values extracted from the flight data recorder than to the emissions calculated with the ICAO method. Thus, approximate emissions indices applied to actual flight procedures are a better choice than a standard ICAO LTO emission estimate from the databank. The correlations are then applied to the prediction of LTO emissions of a turboprop airplane (Bombardier Q400).     

INHIBITORY EFFECTS OF THE ALKALOIDS FROM Radix Caulophylli ON THE PROLIFERATION OF HUMAN VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL CELL

Angiogenesisplaysaveryimportantrolein tumorgrowthandmetastasis[1,2].Tumorssignalthe needforabloodsupplybysecretinggrowthfactors thattriggerangiogenesis,includingbasicfibroblast growthfactor(bFGF),vascularendothelialgrowth factor(VEGF)andplatelet deriveden…