Cooperation in transit delivery in West German metropolitan areas

West Germany is densely populated, averaging 245 inhabitants/km², but varying widely between urban agglomerations and rural areas. Transport volume has increased by 40% since 1970, with virtually all growth due to private automobiles. Since 1981 public transit has been suffering from decreasing demand.A 1964 Expert's Report to the German federal government was the stimulus for initiating an effective funding mechanism for new public transit construction. In 1965 Germany's first federated transit authority was founded for the region of Hamburg.Principal among the goals of any cooperative agreement among transit companies are improvements for the passengers and improvement of revenues for the companies. To attain these ends, two distinct forms of transit aggrements have been developed in Germany: transit cooperative (Verkehrsgemeinschaft) and transit federation (Verkehrsverbund). The former is more suitable for smaller to medium-sized towns, while the latter is more suitable for larger cities. The two types are described in this article.German transit federations during the 1970s succeeded in significantly increasing ridership, while during the 1980s patronage has either remained steady or has declined. Yet transit federations showed much better perfomance than did public transit in general. In terms of costs and revenues, no public transit organization in Germany is able to break even; deficits vary between 42% and 55%. The author concludes, however, that hidden subsidies for automobile traffic are far higher, because of environmental damage and the high social cost of traffic accidents.     

汽车轮胎爆胎测试试验及其相关安全控制技术研究综述

汽车轮胎安全及其测试技术是汽车技术研究的重要方面.在对国内外汽车轮胎安全及其技术法规的分析的基础上,梳理汽车轮胎安全性能的主要指标的试验方法及现有相关技术研究现状,特别是对轮胎爆胎安全控制及其测试试验技术方面进行分析,提出未来车轮胎爆胎安全控制及测试技术研究的重点内容和发展方向,预测未来的发展趋势.     

电动汽车充电设施现状及发展趋势

利用可再生能源已成为了世界的重点.电动汽车由于低碳环保,是汽车产业的的未来发展趋势.与电动汽车配套的充电设施必须与之保持同步,电动汽车的发展才能不受制约.为此,本论文重点研究了电动汽车充电设施的现状和未来的发展趋势.     

新形势下我国新能源汽车政策现状与发展趋势研究

汽车产业作为我国重要的经济支柱产业,在我国的经济发展和国家发展中发挥了重要的作用,为了寻求产业发展和能源消耗之间的平衡,新能源汽车的概念应时而生.特别是在当前我国各方面建设都进入新常态的形势下,推进新能源汽车的进一步发展,是现在我们必须要认清的一个很迫切的问题,也是一个很现实的问题.     

城市道路横断面规划设计方法及工程应用研究

随现阶段城市经济发展的提速,城市道路和建设范围内硬化面积逐年增加,导致城市透水面缩减,易在多雨季节引发城市内涝等灾害,给城市发展和居民生活带来了诸多问题。为降低城市内涝等问题的发生,在城市道路横断面规划设计过程中,结合海绵城市建设理念,提出对应的设计方法指导工程应用。首先明确了海绵型城市道路的设计目标;分析了各项LID措施在功能、控制目标、经济性、对周边地块的影响和景观效果等方面的特征;阐述了红线宽度在12~15 m、20~28 m、34~40 m、40 m以上道路的横断面设计方法。     

市政道路标志标线存在的问题及改善措施研究

With the transfer of rural population to cities, the municipal engineering construction is becoming more and more rapid, in which the investment in the urban roads convenient for citizens to travel and transport is increasing year by year. With the increasing frequency of the use of municipal roads, the signings and markings playing the role of warning and indication expose some problems that need to be solved urgently, which seriously affect the function and comfort of municipal roads. Based on a detailed analysis of the existing problems and impacts of the signings and markings of municipal road engineering in China, the targeted improvement measures are proposed to ensure the perfection of the functions of signings and markings and improve the efficiency of vehicle traffic, which escort the safety, convenience and comfort of municipal road engineering.     

浅析几种无人驾驶汽车路径规划算法

路径规划是自动驾驶关键技术之一,各种路径规划算法现已不断改进并不断涌现。本文根据全局和局部路径规划对常用路径规划算法进行分类,对几种常用的路径规划算法原理进行介绍,并分析其发展方向。     

自动驾驶地图的发展路线探析

地理信息与国家安全密切相关,设计到了方方面面的工作内容,因此,在地图测绘的工作过程中,许多工作都有着在严格的限制.尤其是在高精度地图的测绘工作中,需要专业化的工作人员、专业的测绘工具等开展工作,还需要有甲级测绘资质的单位,完成专业化的工作.因为自动驾驶对于高精度地图有着依赖性的要求,也是在精度方面提出了更好的要求,自动...     

驾驶过程中手机使用行为数据采集及分析

驾驶过程中使用手机的行为存在安全隐患,是当今导致交通安全事故的原因之一.文章借助于信息技术开发出采集使用手机行为数据的App,从真实数据出发,客观地分析驾驶员在开车过程中使用手机这一不良驾驶行为的覆盖程度及危险程度,并提出将手机使用行为作为驾驶风险评价因子.     

CATIA VBA二次开发在装配中批量搜索零件的应用

文章针对汽车开发过程中,经常需要对部分特定的零件进行批量选择用于校核或者作为报告用图,给出了装配中对指定的多个零件进行程序搜索选定的方法.在介绍VB编程语言及CATIA二次开发理论的基础上,给出程序自动搜索零件的基本流程,利用CATIAAutomation调用Search方法,实现零件的批量搜索.通过实例验证,证明了C...