Impact of Everyday Weather on Individual Daily Travel Behaviours in Perspective: A Literature Review

Despite the hundreds of billions of dollars being spent on infrastructure development -- from roads, rail and airports to energy extraction and power networks to the Internet -- surprisingly little reliable knowledge exists about the performance of these investments in terms of actual costs, benefits and risks. This paper presents results from the first statistically significant study of cost performance in transport infrastructure projects. The sample used is the largest of its kind, covering 258 projects in 20 nations worth approximately US$90 billion (constant 1995 prices). The paper shows with overwhelming statistical significance that in terms of costs transport infrastructure projects do not perform as promised. The conclusion is tested for different project types, different geographical regions and different historical periods. Substantial cost escalation is the rule rather than the exception. For rail, average cost escalation is 45% (SD=38), for fixed links (tunnels and bridges) it is 34% (62) and for roads 20% (30). Cost escalation appears a global phenomenon, existing across 20 nations on five continents. Cost estimates have not improved and cost escalation not decreased over the past 70 years. Cost estimates used in decision-making for transport infrastructure development are highly, systematically and significantly misleading. Large cost escalations combined with large standard deviations translate into large financial risks. However, such risks are typically ignored or underplayed in decision-making, to the detriment of social and economic welfare.     

雾天高速公路安全车速分析

针对高速公路雾天低能见度及路面附着系数减小的情况,进行安全车速研究。根据跟车状态下停车过程及标志视认相关方法,分别进行基于停车视距模型（包括AASHT0停车视距模型和NCHRP停车视距模型）和基于交通标志认知距离的安全车速计算。以湖北黄黄高速公路为例,综合3种模型条件下安全车速,最终得出雾天气候下的交通管理措施。     

基于出行时长的大型活动停车换乘选择行为研究

以大型活动期间来自外省市的小汽车出行者为研究对象,对不同出行时长的停车换乘选择行为进行调查和研究。结果表明当日往返者和停留多日者对停车换乘的需求特征与选择行为存在差异：停车供应限制政策对前者利用小汽车出行的选择行为影响较大,对后者的影响较小;前者强调换乘公共交通的直达性和便捷性,对时间要求较高,后者则重视交通方式的灵活性。针对停留多日者的相关设施及政策还须统筹考虑全程出行链的需求,提出在郊区新城结合住宿情况设置停车换乘系统。     

大雾天气高速公路交通管制及预防措施

大雾天气导致高速公路交通事故的发生率是极高的,而且易发生恶性交通事故,这给高速公路行车安全构成了极大的威胁,给社会带来了严重的影响和灾害。因此做好大雾天气高速公路行车的安全工作,除驾驶员应该遵守法规、掌握必要的技能外,如何进行交通管理和必要的预防措施也显得非常重要和迫切。     

离散事件系统中同时事件定义的补充

在复杂的离散事件系统仿真时,若干可能不发生在同一时刻的事件,由于重要程度不同而并不按先后顺序得到处理,而目前关于同时事件的定义没有涉及这一问题.鉴于这种情况,简述了现有同时事件的定义,提出了定义的补充,结合事件等级的概念,进而提出可执行事件的概念,并给出由解结规则、结合寻优排序来求解最近可执行事件、并进而确定事件执行顺序的方法.给出补充定义的目的是用来研究具有前瞻性的调度员工作的决策思维过程.该补充定义与解法应用在以仿真分析方法研究交通港站能力或工业流程瓶颈问题的模拟实验中,证明定义和解法是有效可行的.     

空天车地一体化技术在列车群车联网中的应用框架研究

通过研究物联网技术、车联网技术及空天车地一体化网络的理论和应用现状,分析列车群车联网系统构建需求,搭建基于空天车地一体化列车群车联网系统总体框架;分别建立艇载、机载、车载、区域监测和地面中心监测节点和网关,阐述系统的通信结构;提出基于空天车地一体化的列车群车联网系统物理架构设计及信息传输等关键问题。为进一步研究服务于列车群监测和通信的空天车地一体化网络的理论和应用研究起到指导和启发作用。     

热天施工大体积混凝土防裂措施

文章阐述了热天大体积混凝土施工过程中,为防止混凝土裂缝的产生,采取了一系列相应的防裂措施,达到了预期的效果。     

船舶气象导航随船验证

横渡太平洋往返两个笈欠的随船调查研究表明，采用气象导航对减少燃油消耗和保证船舶安全、班期等，不但有一定的经济效益，而且是一种非常有效的航运管理方法。     

Wave climate evolution in the Bay of Biscay over two decades

As a background, a review of long term evolution of wave climate in the North Atlantic is discussed. Most studies show that interannual evolutions in wave heights may be related to climatic factors, such as the North Atlantic Oscillation Index for example.Data of a waverider, consisting of a time series of 20 years in the Bay of Biscay (off Biscarosse, France), are analysed. Based on these data obtained from 1980, wave heights tend to decrease over the period. Also, interannual evolutions exist, particularly in the wave period. The fact that the annual wave periods at Biscarosse are found to vary more significantly than the annual wave heights led us to assume that it is an indirect effect of the evolution in the location of generating storms relative to the buoy. The relationships between wave parameters and climatic factors such as the North Atlantic Oscillation Index and the Garonne discharge have been derived: they show that the NAO index is negatively correlated with the river discharge and positively correlated with the wave period. This result is in agreement with the general climate scheme associated with NAO cycle proposed by Kushnir et al. [Kushnir, Y., Cardone, V.J., Cane, M., 1995. Link between Atlantic climate variability of surface wave height and sea level pressure. Proc. Fourth Int. Workshop on Wave Incasting and forecasting, Banff, AB, Canada, 59–64.]: NAO+ shifts storm tracks northward and dry weather are encountered in the southern part of Europe (conversely NAO− brings storm tracks and rainfall closer). Concerning wave heights, the lack of dependence on NAO index may be associated with compensation effects between wind intensity and storm tracks: wave energy is partly dissipated while reaching the Bay of Biscay in case of severe but distant storms (NAO+), which is not the case for storms generated nearer to the buoy and associated with moderate westerly winds (NOA−). However, the reason of the decrease in wave heights is not clear.     

城市轨道交通服务企业战略变革机制探讨

从惯例变异的视角,简要分析企业战略变革转型的动态过程与机理,进而分析上海城市轨道交通服务企业由大规模网络建设向大规模网络运营为主战略变革的事件序贯、动力机制和情景机制,说明城市轨道交通服务企业战略变革过程中代理人、权力结构、组织文化这三个因素对变革结果影响最大,使之对城市轨道交通服务企业成功实施战略变革提供理论和现实指导。