Travel Behavior Analysis of the Females in Beijing

In urban life, compared with the same age group of male contrast, the statistical indicators of female travel behavior show significant differences. According to the sample data of Beijing 2005 travel survey, the paper analyzes the female travel behavior in the travel rate, travel consumption, trip purpose, and travel mode. Furthermore, the paper introduces the concept of the trip chain, to construct a female morning commuter trip chain choice behavior model with noncollection theories and methods, to analyze 10 factors that influence a female individual's choice of a trip chain from the source. Subsequently, model parameters are estimated, to calculate the incidents that can help to quantitatively understand the impact of each factor on a female's choice of the trip chain. The results show that the travel rate of elderly women is far lower than that of elderly men. Female travel proportion in shopping and social activities is obviously higher than that of male travelers, and factors related to the structure of families create important constraints in their average travel time consumption. The main travel mode of the female is walking, which is far more than that of a male. Age, whether they hold licenses, monthly income, and transport ownership are dominant factors for the female's choice of the trip chain.     

铁路出发旅客衔接方式选择的复合异质性模型

鉴于多属性决策中存在的属性偏好和处理两类异质性现象,以铁路出发旅客衔接方式选择问题为对象,对两类异质性的效用表达进行了讨论,构建了能同时描述旅客属性偏好和处理异质性的复合异质性(Hybrid)非集计模型.采用成都东客站SP调查数据进行模型标定,结果表明,Hybrid模型的拟合度优于单一异质性模型.旅客属性处理规则自述结果与Hybrid模型分类结果的对比分析表明,模型对旅客属性处理特征的表达准确.进一步对不同类型旅客属性标定结果的分析显示,Hybrid模型可实现对衔接方式选择行为的精细化描述.     

基于离散事件模拟沥青路面施工对环境的影响

为了降低沥青路面施工过程中能耗及温室气体和污染物排放, 建立了基于离散事件模拟的沥青路面施工环境影响计算模型, 利用概率分布函数和逻辑语句将施工步骤抽象化, 应用图形化离散事件模拟软件构建了沥青路面施工离散事件模型, 将Nonroad计算模型植入, 进行了不同温室气体和污染物的动态计算, 并对比了不同施工情况的模拟排放结果。分析结果表明: 运料车将沥青混合料运输至摊铺现场的过程为沥青路面施工的主要能耗源, 为总能耗的44%, 摊铺过程与运料车返回过程的能源消耗分别为总能耗的32%、12%;温室气体与污染物排放的主要施工步骤为运输和摊铺过程, 占排放总量的50%以上; 摊铺与压实过程产生的排放物主要为NO_x, 运输过程产生的排放物主要为CO₂; 对施工工艺进行调整, 使用不间断摊铺施工会明显减少NO_x的排放, 减排量约为15%;在施工设备方面, 适当增大摊铺设备的容量会减少CO₂和HC的排放, 前者减排量约为25%, 后者约为17%。可见, 基于离散事件模拟沥青路面施工环境影响计算模型, 可量化沥青路面施工过程的能耗及温室气体和污染物排放, 优化沥青路面施工技术方案。     

Robust Predictive Control for Polytopic Uncertain Systems with Time-delay Subjected to Actuator Saturation

Robust predictive control algorithms were presented for polytopic uncertain linear discrete systems with time-delay subjected to actuator saturation. In the first algorithm, the parameter dependent state feedback model predictive control (MPC) law was obtained from minimizing the upper bound of the cost function subjected to several linear matrix inequality constraints. In order to reduce computation burden, a second robust MPC algorithm based on nominal performance cost was presented. The feasibility of the optimization problems guarantees that the algorithms are robustly stable. The simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms.     

基于动力刚度法与离散方案库的船舶板架结构动力优化设计

文章提出了一种基于动力刚度法和离散方案库的船舶板架结构动力优化设计方法。首先把船舶板架结构分解成由多个离散梁组成的组合结构,使用动力刚度法来分析计算带有机械隔振装置的船舶板架结构的固有频率和动力响应;应用等效静力算法计算结构在动载荷下的应力分布。与传统有限元方法相比较,文中分析方法具有计算精度好、运算速度快的优点。针对船舶板架结构的特点,结构动力优化设计选取纵桁和横向构件剖面惯性矩作为设计变量以减少设计变量的个数,并建立满足构件剖面尺寸搭配关系要求的构件尺寸方案库,在方案库中选择惯性矩大于设计变量取值且剖面面积最小的构件,直接得到结构参数离散值。最后通过船舶板架结构的动力优化实例验证了文中方法的有效性。     

Part 2. Beyond single-outcome models: Decompositions of aggregate and disaggregate road safety risk

The second part of the state-of-the-art focuses on the development of the founders' double streams explaining single-outcome indicators (probability of accidents and fatalities, respectively) by fixed form regression, as outlined in the Part 1. Following Page (1997, pp. 67–122, 2001) and others, we use as turning point of the evolution of both aggregate and discrete approaches the DRAG-1 model of 1984, itself based on aggregate data, which introduced four key innovations in principle applicable to both streams.     

基于点坐标旋转的立体角离散方法研究

针对辐射传输中立体角离散问题,提出一种利用坐标旋转和平移的简便离散方法,可直接应用于辐射传输强度的计算,为实现立体角离散提供了新方法。     

基于比值的小波域数字音频盲水印算法

针对一些水印算法存在的不足提出一种基于离散小波变换的适于版权保护的数字音频盲水印算法。算法对能量的概念作了新的定义,对其设计原理和过程作了理论分析和实验验证。算法实现时先分帧音频并对各帧作n级离散小波变换,然后计算n级小波系数近似分量前后两部分的能量比值,并放大;再将放大后的比值修改为奇数或者偶数以嵌入水印,最后按与嵌入时相同的比例缩小第n级小波系数近似分量的前半部分并作小波逆变换,得到水印音频。算法根据n级小波系数近似分量前后两部分能量放大后比值的奇偶性提取水印,实现水印的盲检测,提取水印不需原始音频。采用混沌加密水印信号,缩放因子也是密钥,算法安全性得到双重保护。仿真结果证明了算法的鲁棒性和不可感知性。     

桩承式路堤土拱效应形成机制离散元模拟

针对桩承式路堤,分别建立二维和三维离散元分析模型,开展土拱形成过程数值模拟。从细观角度研究不同路堤高度条件下桩承式路堤土拱形态和荷载传递机制,获得土拱效应充分发挥条件下的土体沉降模式,其模式呈现为椭圆形拱状。二维分析结果表明,当路堤填土高度达到一定值时,其高度约为0.8倍桩净距。由于二维土拱模型只能反映一个截面上的土拱效应,因而高估了路堤荷载传递效率。相比二维Trapdoor分析结果,三维条件下土拱效应充分发挥时所需的桩-土差异沉降更大,桩顶和桩间土压力随差异沉降的变化速率更慢,荷载传递效率更低且受填土高度影响更高。     

Analysing Demand for Suburban Trips: A Mixed RP/SP Model with Latent Variables and Interaction Effects

We analyse mode choice behaviour for suburban trips in the Grand Canary island using mixed revealed preference (RP)/stated preference (SP) information. The SP choice experiment allowed for interactions among the main policy variables: travel cost, travel time and frequency, and also to test the influence of latent variables such as comfort. It also led to discuss additional requirements on the size and sign of the estimated model parameters, to assess model quality when interactions are present. The RP survey produced data on actual trip behaviour and was used to adapt the SP choice experiment. During the specification searches we detected the presence of income effect and were able to derive willingness-to-pay measures, such as the subjective value of time, which varied among individuals. We also studied the systematic heterogeneity in individual tastes through the specification of models allowing for interactions between level-of-service and socio-economic variables. We concluded examining the sensitivity of travellers’ behaviour to various policy scenarios. In particular, it seems that contrary to political opinion, in a crowded island policies penalising the use of the private car seem to have a far greater impact in terms of bus patronage than policies implying direct improvements to the public transport service.