Measuring the environmental efficiency of the global aviation fleet

This research analyses the environmental footprint of the airline industry in an attempt to highlight potential paths for improvement. We develop a directional economic-environmental distance function (DEED) which accounts for the production of both desirable and undesirable output and the potential for constrained increases in input utilization. This research applies the modeling framework to analyze the potential to reduce noise and airborne pollutants emitted by aircraft–engine combinations given the current state of aeronautical technology. The global aircraft–engine market is viewed from the regulatory perspective in order to compare the single environmental and operational efficient frontier to that of the airline carriers, and environmental objectives. The results of DEED are then applied in order to substitute the fleets serving Schipol, Amsterdam and Arlanda, Stockholm airports in June 2010 with the benchmark aircraft. The results highlight the inefficiencies of the current airline fleets and that the IPCC values of externalities are a magnitude of TEN too low to encourage changes in the global fleet hence the need for government intervention.     

高速铁路桥隧相连段结构设计

位于中西部山区的高速铁路需修建大量的桥隧工程,造成桥台(梁)伸入隧道内布置,隧道洞口段往往为土质地层或基岩风化层,地质条件比较差,桥隧相连段隧道断面大,结构受力复杂,设计、施工难度很大,处理不好,容易留下安全隐患。以西成客运专线工程设计为实例,采用工程类比与理论计算相结合的方法,对桥隧相连段的尺寸拟定、结构设计、排水设计方案等主要技术难点进行研究,成功解决了桥隧相连段的设计难题。研究结论:(1)隧道净空尺寸除满足建筑限界外,必需考虑桥台、梁的结构尺寸、检修高度、设备布置等综合因素;(2)桥隧相连段断面大,结构措施宁强勿弱、安全可靠;(3)隧道低洞口端要设置汇水井、转向排水管、引排管等设施,解决排水问题。     

公路纵面视距行车安全性分析

驾驶员应有足够的视距来判断运行车辆前方环境发生的变化,如交通状况、道路线形组合形式及沿线景观设计等,以便采取相应措施确保汽车安全行驶。文章从道路纵面竖曲线设计原理出发,讨论了汽车安全行驶的条件,推导出停车视距与竖曲线设计长度、变坡角的关系,同时结合某高速公路安全性评价,对事故多发路段提出了合理化建议。     

城市轨道交通超长线路速度目标值选择浅析

目前国内正在设计和施工的城市轨道交通超长线路越来越多,通过对国内城市轨道交通超长线路分布概况、列车速度目标值等相关数据进行统计分析,总结超长线路速度目标值选取要考虑的因素及注意事项,为相关领域内的设计者和决策者提供参考。     

列车制动对刚构桥上无缝线路梁轨相对位移的影响研究

基于有限元方法建立桥上无缝线路单层弹簧阻力模型,研究了刚构桥及相邻简支梁桥桥墩纵向水平刚度匹配关系对梁轨相对位移的影响。采用铁路上常用的3种跨度刚构桥进行对比计算分析,结果表明,在刚构桥全桥制动时,刚构桥桥墩纵向水平刚度在一个范围内,梁轨相对位移随着刚构桥相邻两侧简支梁桥桥墩纵向水平刚度的增加先降低后增加;小于该范围时,梁轨相对位移随着简支梁桥桥墩刚度的减小而减小;而大于该范围时,梁轨相对位移变化规律与小于该范围的规律相反;并且该刚度范围随着刚构桥总长度的增加而增大。对于60 m+100 m+60 m的刚构桥,上述范围为1 100¹ 400 kN//(cm·双线);当刚构桥桥墩刚度取定为1 100 kN/(cm·双线),简支梁刚度从800 kN/(cm·双线)降低到400 kN/(cm·双线)时,附加伸缩力降低,梁轨相对位移先降低后增加,采用归一化方法处理数据,得出最优刚度取值为455 kN/(cm·双线)。     

基于模具设计与制造专业“双证书”课程的研究与实践

双证融通是职业教育的本质要求,本文通过模具设计与制造专业工作过程分析与职业资格证书标准分析,将职业标准融入课程标准之中,在此基础上,提出模具设计与制造专业双证融通专业培养方案的框架体系。     

铁路运输企业工效挂钩分析

通过实证分析，论证了铁路运输企业现行工效挂钩办法的局限性和存在的问题。提出了市场经济下建立铁路运输企业工资管理体制应解决的问题。     

土工布在水泥混凝土路面加铺沥青混凝土层结构中的抗剪试验分析

在水泥混凝土路面加铺沥青混凝土面层(简称“白加黑”)的路面结构中,利用层间铺设土工布来延缓、减少反射裂缝是一种经常被采用的技术方案.但铺设土工布后,层间黏结力下降,容易造成沥青混凝土加铺层推移而致过早破坏.针对此现象,运用有关力学软件计算分析了水泥混凝土面板与沥青混凝土加铺层结构中的层间剪应力,发现层间光滑时的剪应力大...     

Distance and time in intermodal goods transport networks in Europe: A generic approach

This paper is about distance and time as factors of competitiveness of intermodal transport. It reviews the relevance of the factors, evaluates time models in practice, compares network distances and times in alternative bundling networks with geometrically varied layouts, and points out how these networks perform in terms of vehicle scale, frequency and door-to-door time. The analysis focuses on intermodal transport in Europe, especially intermodal rail transport, but is in search for generic conclusions. The paper does not incorporate the distance and time results in cost models, and draws conclusions for transport innovation, wherever this is possible without cost modelling. For instance, the feature vehicle scale, an important factor of transport costs, is analysed and discussed.Distance and time are important factors of competitiveness of intermodal transport. They generate (direct) vehicle costs and – via transport quality – indirect costs to the customers. Clearly direct costs/prices are the most important performance of the intermodal transport system. The relevance of quality performances is less clarified. Customers emphasise the importance of a good match between the transport and the logistic system. In this framework (time) reliability is valued high. Often transport time, arrival and departure times, and frequency have a lower priority. But such conclusions can hardy be generalised. The range of valuations reflects the heterogeneity of situations. Some lack of clarity is obviously due to overlapping definitions of different performance types.The following parts of the paper are about two central fields of network design, which have a large impact on transport costs and quality, namely the design of vehicle roundtrips (and acceleration of transport speed) and the choice of bundling type: do vehicles provide direct services or run in what we call complex bundling networks? An example is the hub-and-spoke network. The objective of complex bundling is to increase vehicle scale and/or transport frequency even if network volumes are restricted. Complex bundling requires intermediate nodes for the exchange of load units. Examples of complex bundling networks are the hub-and-spoke network or the line network.Roundtrip and bundling design are interrelated policy fields: an acceleration of the roundtrip speed, often desirable from the cost point of view, can often only be carried out customer friendly, if the transport frequency is increased. But often the flow size is not sufficient for a higher frequency. Then a change of bundling model can be an outcome.Complex bundling networks are known to have longer average distances and times, the latter also due to the presence of additional intermediate exchange nodes. However, this disadvantage is – inside the limits of maximal vehicle sizes – overruled by the advantage of a restricted number of network links. Therefore generally, complex bundling networks have shorter total vehicle distances and times. This expression of economies of scale implies lower vehicle costs per load unit.The last part of the paper presents door-to-door times of load units of complex bundling networks and compares them with unimodal road transport. The times of complex bundling networks are larger than that of networks with direct connections, but nevertheless competitive with unimodal road transport, except for short distances.