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371.
Existing methods for calibrating link fundamental diagrams (FDs) often focus on a limited number of links and use grouping strategies that are largely dependent on roadway physical attributes alone. In this study, we propose a big data-driven two-stage clustering framework to calibrate link FDs for freeway networks. The first stage captures, under normal traffic state, the variations of link FDs over multiple days based on which links are clustered in the second stage. Two methods, i.e. the standard k-means algorithm combined with hierarchical clustering and a modified hierarchical clustering based on the Fréchet distance, are applied in the first stage to obtain the FD parameter matrix for each link. The calibrated matrices are input into the second stage where the modified hierarchical clustering is re-employed as a static approach resulting in multiple clusters of links. To further consider the variations of link FDs, the static approach is extended by modifying the similarity measure through the principle component analysis (PCA). The resulting multivariate time-series clustering models the distributions of the FD parameters as a dynamic approach. The proposed framework is applied on the Melbourne freeway network using one-year worth of loop detector data. Results have shown that (a) similar roadway physical attributes do not necessarily result in similar link FDs, (b) the connectivity-based approach performs better in clustering link FDs as compared with the centroid-based approach, and (c) the proposed framework helps achieving a better understanding of the spatial distribution of links with similar FDs and the associated variations and distributions of the FD parameters. 相似文献
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373.
设计中的某市区小净距隧道下穿小区多层楼房,采用数值方法研究了小净距平行隧道下穿施工过程.研究结果表明:隧道施工到楼房最近点前,楼房基础发生的超前沉降占总沉降的13％～24％,研究断面封闭前基础沉降占总沉降的56％～63％,而研究断面初期支护全断面封闭后发生的沉降仅占总沉降的12％～24％;当隧道左右线均穿过楼房最近点并施工完毕后,楼房基础区域地表最大沉降值为16.5 mm,基础局部沉降为0.0004 L,基础倾斜值为0.00042;右线隧道施工导致隧道拱顶上方围岩塑性区扩展至右线隧道地表.上述规律表明,隧道施工可能导致地表出现开裂,应对地表沉降进行观察和监测,同时优化施工工序,缩短右线隧道初期支护全断面封闭时间,从而有效控制地表的总沉降量,减小对既有房屋的影响. 相似文献
374.
This research analyses the environmental footprint of the airline industry in an attempt to highlight potential paths for improvement. We develop a directional economic-environmental distance function (DEED) which accounts for the production of both desirable and undesirable output and the potential for constrained increases in input utilization. This research applies the modeling framework to analyze the potential to reduce noise and airborne pollutants emitted by aircraft–engine combinations given the current state of aeronautical technology. The global aircraft–engine market is viewed from the regulatory perspective in order to compare the single environmental and operational efficient frontier to that of the airline carriers, and environmental objectives. The results of DEED are then applied in order to substitute the fleets serving Schipol, Amsterdam and Arlanda, Stockholm airports in June 2010 with the benchmark aircraft. The results highlight the inefficiencies of the current airline fleets and that the IPCC values of externalities are a magnitude of TEN too low to encourage changes in the global fleet hence the need for government intervention. 相似文献
375.
以上海市某先入后出型匝道组合为例,利用校验后的仿真软件TSIS研究了匝道间距与交织区平均速度的变化关系.结果表明,随着匝道间距的增加,交织区平均速度呈先增加后趋于稳定的趋势,且匝道间距对主线最外侧车道的影响程度远远高于对内侧车道的影响.借助统计软件SPSS分析了主线设计速度分别为60、80、100 km/h时匝道间距、流量、汇入比、分流比与交织区平均速度的关系并建立了相应的定量模型.结果表明,主线设计速度不同时,影响交织区平均速度的因素也有所变化.根据定量模型分别计算了不同设计速度和交织区平均速度条件下的匝道间距,并根据实际情况对计算值进行了修正,最终给出了合理的推荐值,并与《城市快速路设计规程》(CJJ129-2009)中的推荐值进行了对比.结果表明,定量统计模型计算值较为合理,且更加详细,便于工程应用. 相似文献
376.
随着陕西省“米”字型路网构架的不断完善,高速公路路网的运输效率也需要不断提高,以便与一体化的路网发展步调一致。鉴于此,文章对陕西省部分高速公路建成通车后高速公路运输与一般公路运输、铁路运输以及航空运输之间的竞争实力进行了比较,针对目前陕西省高速公路路网的客运运输效率,提出能进一步增强道路客运竞争力的政策建议。 相似文献
377.
378.
该文结合轨道交通2号线东延伸段工程(机场段)施工控制测量的案例,阐述在投影带的边缘高斯投影改化值比较大且工程精度要求也比较高的情况下,如何进行测距边长改化的方法,并通过实例计算进行精度测评。 相似文献
379.
Sigma Energy has performed its foremost prototype tests of scaled wave energy converter in a real sea environment. The prototype was a point absorber with a cylindrical buoy, a mechanical power take-off system with a counterweight, moored to the seabed as a tension leg platform (TLP) with three equal tendons. In these extensive experiments, numerous device characteristics were measured and analysed. The present paper focuses on the dynamic forces in the mooring lines, and some unexpected and rare data obtained. It is well known that TLP tendons are prone to a brief loss of tension (the slacking) and that, after such events, high snapping forces of short duration can arise. Partly by intention, and partly due to underestimation of the dynamical forces, several such slacking-snapping incidents were recorded during the experiments. In some severe storms, the snapping forces were up to six times higher than the tendon pretension. The paper presents several recordings of dynamic forces and platform motion during these critical events. It analysis them, and gives a typical scenario under which they occur. It gives also some theoretical explanations, and numerical predictions of dynamical tendon forces, with their comparison to the experimental results. 相似文献
380.
沥青路面层间自由水是沥青路面早期破坏的一个主要原因,这就要求在设计施工期间有意识地从\"封、排\"入手,杜绝自由水的形成,以便工程的顺利进行. 相似文献