Consumer preferences for battery electric vehicles: A choice experimental survey in China

To accelerate the diffusion of battery electric vehicles (BEVs), consumer preferences for different products and policy attributes must be determined. Although previous studies have investigated consumer preferences for some product attributes, including purchase price, operation cost, driving range, and charging time, limited studies have discussed the broader aspects of product attributes, such as battery warranty and depreciation rate. Moreover, market-oriented incentives, including the personal carbon trading (PCT) scheme and the tradable driving credits (TDC) scheme, can theoretically be effective alternatives to expensive purchase subsidies. However, there is a lack of empirical evidence that confirms the influence of these two schemes on BEV adoption. To fill these gaps, we conducted a stated preference choice experimental survey in China and investigated the effect of product attributes, existing policy incentives, and two emerging market-oriented incentives on BEV adoption. Our results reveal that along with the main product attributes, battery warranty has a significant positive effect on inducing mainstream consumers to adopt BEVs while no preference difference occurs among existing policy incentives after purchase subsidies are abolished. For young consumers, almost all incentives that reduce the operation cost (e.g., PCT) or increase convenience (e.g., TDC) can increase their adoption of BEVs. These findings can provide important implications for the government with regard to designing novel incentives and promoting BEV adoption.     

动力锂电池与电力推进船舶发展分析

文章通过对主要类型锂离子电池技术指标和特性进行梳理,研究了锂离子电池的热管理技术、安全性、火灾消防技术等应用重点环节的技术要点,分析了锂电池在船舶动力系统中的作用及全电池动力系统和混合动力系统的技术特点,为应用锂电池的新能源船舶研发提供参考。最后介绍了目前国内外应用储能电池动力船舶的多个典型案例,简要阐述了各个案例中的船舶核心参数和主要特点,总结了当前电池动力船舶的主要应用船型、锂电池类型、应用市场及政策、规范现状,认为锂电池动力船舶的发展前景光明,但在相关政策和船舶规范研究方面尚需进一步完善。     

Using GPS-data to determine optimum electric vehicle ranges: A Michigan case study

Fuel-switching personal transportation from gasoline to electricity offers many advantages, including lower noise, zero local air pollution, and petroleum-independence. But alleviations of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are more nuanced, due to many factors, including the car’s battery range. We use GPS-based trip data to determine use type-specific, GHG-optimized ranges. The dataset comprises 412 cars and 384,869 individual trips in Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. We use previously developed algorithms to determine driver types, such as using the car to commute or not. Calibrating an existing life cycle GHG model to a forecast, low-carbon grid for Ann Arbor, we find that the optimum range varies not only with the drive train architecture (plugin-hybrid versus battery-only) and charging technology (fast versus slow) but also with the driver type. Across the 108 scenarios we investigated, the range that yields lowest GHG varies from 65 km (55+ year old drivers, ultrafast charging, plugin-hybrid) to 158 km (16–34 year old drivers, overnight charging, battery-only). The optimum GHG reduction that electric cars offer – here conservatively measured versus gasoline-only hybrid cars – is fairly stable, between 29% (16–34 year old drivers, overnight charging, battery-only) and 46% (commuters, ultrafast charging, plugin-hybrid). The electrification of total distances is between 66% and 86%. However, if cars do not have the optimum range, these metrics drop substantially. We conclude that matching the range to drivers’ typical trip distances, charging technology, and drivetrain is a crucial pre-requisite for electric vehicles to achieve their highest potential to reduce GHG emissions in personal transportation.     

Electric vehicle charging station locations: Elastic demand,station congestion,and network equilibrium

Battery-only electric vehicles (BEVs) generally offer better air quality through lowered emissions, along with energy savings and security. The issue of long-duration battery charging makes charging-station placement and design key for BEV adoption rates. This work uses genetic algorithms to identify profit-maximizing station placement and design details, with applications that reflect the costs of installing, operating, and maintaining service equipment, including land acquisition. Fast electric vehicle charging stations (EVCSs) are placed across a congested city's network subject to stochastic demand for charging under a user-equilibrium traffic assignment. BEV users’ station choices consider endogenously determined travel times and on-site charging queues. The model allows for congested-travel and congested-station feedback into travelers’ route choices under elastic demand and BEV owners’ station choices, as well as charging price elasticity for BEV charging users.Boston-network results suggest that EVCSs should locate mostly along major highways, which may be a common finding for other metro settings. If 10% of current EV owners seek to charge en route, a user fee of $6 for a 30-min charging session is not enough for station profitability under a 5-year time horizon in this region. However, $10 per BEV charging delivers a 5-year profit of $0.82 million, and 11 cords across 3 stations are enough to accommodate a near-term charging demand in this Boston-area application. Shorter charging sessions, higher fees, and/or allowing for more cords per site also increase profits generally, everything else constant. Power-grid and station upgrades should keep pace with demand, to maximize profits over time, and avoid on-site congestion.     

Phase change analysis of an underwater glider propelled by the ocean's thermal energy

The phase change characteristic of the power source of an underwater glider propelled by the ocean's thermal energy is the key factor in glider attitude control. A numerical model has been established based on the enthalpy method to analyze the phase change heat transfer process under convective boundary conditions. Phase change is not an isothermal process,but one that occurs at a range of temperature. The total melting time of the material is very sensitive to the surrounding temperature. When the temperature of the surroundings decreases 8 degrees,the total melting time increases 1.8 times. But variations in surrounding temperature have little effect on the initial temperature of phase change,and the slope of the temperature time history curve remains the same. However,the temperature at which phase change is completed decreases significantly. Our research shows that the phase change process is also affected by container size,boundary conditions,and the power source's cross sectional area. Materials stored in 3 cylindrical containers with a diameter of 38mm needed the shortest phase change time. Our conclusions should be helpful in effective design of underwater glider power systems.     

蜂窝式夹芯层结构横向耐撞性能数值仿真研究

蜂窝式夹层板结构具有强度高、结构轻等优越的性能,其中夹芯层结构起关键作用。文中采用非线性有限元软件MSC/Dytran模拟仿真了蜂窝式夹芯层结构在横向冲击载荷作用下的渐进屈曲过程,分析了结构的耐撞性能,结构参数对耐撞性能的影响。研究分析表明:蜂窝式夹芯层结构在横向冲击载荷作用下具有稳定的压溃载荷、较长的有效行程,具有优良的吸能特性。结构密度是影响结构耐撞性能的关键因素;夹芯层高度对结构的耐撞性影响不大,增加结构夹芯层高度结构吸能增加。     

电动汽车PCU系统功能安全开发及测试方法研究

PCU系统作为电动汽车整车上的关键电控系统,其功能安全技术水平直接影响整车安全。本文基于某款混动车型搭载的PCU系统的功能安全V模型开发过程,从整车层面给出了相关项定义、危害分析和风险评估、安全目标、功能安全要求、技术安全要求,并在V模型开发右侧以故障注入测试为例给出了功能安全验证和确认方法示例,为开展PCU系统功能安全正向开发提供借鉴和参考。     

某电动汽车低频电场发射分析与优化

介绍某电动汽车低频电场发射的优化过程。采用近场扫描法及排除法,确定电机控制器是造成电场发射超标的干扰源,并明确干扰的传播路径。通过增加电机控制器的滤波电路,优化车辆搭铁和线束屏蔽设计,车辆低频电场发射满足了GB/T18387-2017要求。     

高速机车无变压器化交流传动系统中直流斩波器稳态分析

利用直流斩波技术实现高速机车无变压器化交流传动系统结构是实现车载牵引变压器小型轻量化的一种新方案,其需要解决的关键问题之一是直流斩波器电路元件参数的确定.通过建立斩波器的暂态方程,推导出稳态时状态方程的解,揭示出元件参数和斩波器稳态工作性能的关系.在这一基础上,确定出一组合理的元件参数.     

双线自动闭塞区段旅客列车扣除系数计算方法的探讨

本文对旅客列车影响区和非影响区进行了分析，进而确定了非影响区及影响区内可铺画的货物列车数，提出了双线自动闭塞区段旅客列车扣除系数的分析计算方法。