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21.
从钢筋腐蚀寿命的角度出发说明不锈钢钢筋应用于地铁混凝土结构所具有的优势;利用现有的8根不锈钢钢筋混凝土梁的正截面承载力试验数据进行计算对比,结果表明《混凝土结构设计规范》关于梁正截面承载力的计算公式同样也适用于不锈钢钢筋混凝土梁,且计算偏于安全,同时还给出不锈钢钢筋与普通钢筋的对换表,方便不锈钢钢筋混凝土构件的设计;比较分析纵向受拉钢筋在不同应力比下不锈钢筋与普通钢筋混凝土构件最大裂缝宽度,得出在钢筋应力水平小于0.6的情况下,可以按照普通钢筋混凝土构件进行裂缝计算;针对地铁顶纵梁设计的耐腐蚀和造价两个方面提出不锈钢钢筋与普通钢筋混合使用的经济型构造措施,同时给出不锈钢钢筋建议使用的地下环境标准,为不锈钢钢筋混凝土在地铁设计中的实际应用提供参考。 相似文献
22.
Marine protected areas (MPAs) are now generally accepted as important tools in the protection of coastal biodiversity. It is also likely that they play a positive role in enhancing fisheries. Yet currently, less than 1% of the global oceans are protected, although international agreements have targets ranging from 10–30% coverage. Despite its minuscule size, we consider the current MPA “network” to be beneficial to fisheries, and its running or maintenance cost, therefore, to be a positive contribution to the sustainability of fisheries, or a “beneficial” subsidy (“harmful” subsidies enhance fishing capacity and effort). A method was derived from data in Balmford et al. (PNAS, 101: 9694–9697) to estimate the annual cost of maintaining MPAs as a function of their size, and of the degree of development of the country in question. We provide national costs of the 53 countries that jointly contribute 95% of global fisheries catch and, assuming that this type of subsidy, in a given country, cannot exceed 15% of the ex-vessel value of its fisheries catches, estimated a global MPA subsidy to fisheries of 870 million US$. Given that total subsidies to fisheries currently range from 30–34 billion US$ annually (without MPA costs), this amounts to only 2.5–2.8% of total subsidies to fisheries being devoted explicitly to the maintenance of the biodiversity that sustains them. 相似文献
23.
ABSTRACTA dynamic model for marginal cost pricing of port infrastructures links costs to system performance by combining a power-law function with time-dependent queueing analysis. Additionally, the model incorporates the marginal cost of capacity, including the effects of economies of scale. This allows the calculation of the marginal cost price under a dynamic framework. The model accounts for nonlinear behaviour of port demand, which is sensitive to price and service levels. The effects over time of cost and service levels on the port’s operational performance are quantified. The proposed model allows determining the optimal timing for capacity investment. The model is a starting point for the application of marginal cost pricing to ports. However, for practical application of such pricing method it is necessary to apply a system’s approach, as productivity and costs must be assessed at the terminal’s component level. This should allow the derivation of a marginal cost function at the terminal’s component level. 相似文献
24.
Giselle P. B. Samonte-Tan Alan T. White Mary Ann Tercero John Diviva Esperanza Tabara Ciemon Caballes 《Coastal management》2013,41(2-3):319-338
This article provides results on the net benefits generated from the natural resources in the Bohol Marine Triangle (BMT) in the Philippines. The BMT spans over 112,000 ha and its coastal ecosystems are rich in biodiversity and provide economic opportunities to the coastal communities. With a 10% discount rate, the accumulated total net benefits for the BMT resources over a 10-year period is US$11.54 million. Tourism and the municipal fisheries are the most important direct use values of the coastal and marine resources of the BMT accounting for 44% and 39% of the total net benefits. Annual revenues attributed to ecosystems were as follows: coral reefs, US$1.26 million; beach/intertidal area, US$1.12 million; marine waters, US$646,501; mangrove, US$239,561; and seagrass, US$105,990. The large market values indicate the dependence of the local community on the BMT coastal and marine resources. In the same way, non-market values show the important life-support functions of coastal and marine ecosystems. The net benefits reflect the magnitude of potential losses due to improper management of coastal and marine resources in the BMT. This valuation highlights the importance of the coastal services to the BMT economy and draws attention to the benefits the local stakeholders derive from BMT coastal resources. Policy measures can now take into account these values to justify a sufficient investment in coastal management efforts to sustain the flow of coastal services in the interest of current and future generations. 相似文献
25.
为降低港口企业成本,提高效益,对港口企业实施成本精细化管理.从树立成本精细化管理理念、建立成本控制工作机制、强化管理、坚持创新等4个方面阐述具体做法. 相似文献
26.
浅析2013版建设工程工程量清单计价计量规范的变化和特点 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
在工程建设中,为全过程控制工程造价,2012年12月25日发布的2013版《建设工程工程量清单计价规范》和各专业工程量计算规范,制定了一序列管理条文,建立起从招投标到竣工结算的工程造价全过程管理机制.为便于新计价、计量规范的贯彻执行,此文将2013版规范与2003版规范和2008版规范进行对比分析,进一步介绍2013版规范修改、完善和增加的内容及特点.推动2013版规范在建设工程中的应用. 相似文献
27.
当前及今后一段时期,国内建筑市场的竞争将日趋激烈,从确保材料质量和严格控制消耗数量,加强机械设备的配置和使用,认真做好经济比较和核算管理等方面,主要阐述了加强项目的成本考核和内部经济核算的观点和主要措施。 相似文献
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29.
由美国次贷危机而引发的金融危机对全球航运市场产生了严重影响,对航运市场特别是干散货市场和集装箱市场造成了巨大的冲击,使航运市场跌入低谷。虽然现在有回暖的趋势,但今年的行情仍然不容乐观。航运企业应该及时调整经营策略,采取积极的应对措施,将金融危机给企业带来的损失降低到最小程度。 相似文献
30.