Marine Protected Area Costs as “Beneficial” Fisheries Subsidies: A Global Evaluation

Marine protected areas (MPAs) are now generally accepted as important tools in the protection of coastal biodiversity. It is also likely that they play a positive role in enhancing fisheries. Yet currently, less than 1% of the global oceans are protected, although international agreements have targets ranging from 10–30% coverage. Despite its minuscule size, we consider the current MPA “network” to be beneficial to fisheries, and its running or maintenance cost, therefore, to be a positive contribution to the sustainability of fisheries, or a “beneficial” subsidy (“harmful” subsidies enhance fishing capacity and effort). A method was derived from data in Balmford et al. (PNAS, 101: 9694–9697) to estimate the annual cost of maintaining MPAs as a function of their size, and of the degree of development of the country in question. We provide national costs of the 53 countries that jointly contribute 95% of global fisheries catch and, assuming that this type of subsidy, in a given country, cannot exceed 15% of the ex-vessel value of its fisheries catches, estimated a global MPA subsidy to fisheries of 870 million US$. Given that total subsidies to fisheries currently range from 30–34 billion US$ annually (without MPA costs), this amounts to only 2.5–2.8% of total subsidies to fisheries being devoted explicitly to the maintenance of the biodiversity that sustains them.     

Understanding Recreational Boater Attitudes to Zoning in a Proposed Marine Protected Area

Although the success of marine protected areas (MPAs) and associated zoning schemes is largely dependent on stakeholder acceptance and support, there have been relatively few studies examining the response of recreational stakeholders to MPA proposals. This study investigates the response of recreational boaters to a proposed MPA in British Columbia, Canada. Using a structured questionnaire (n = 543) and a focus group (n = 6), the research examines the level of support for the concept of marine zoning and identifies key factors influencing support or opposition. Results indicate that a small majority of recreational boaters support the concept of marine zoning, but that there are areas of concern that ought to be addressed as MPA implementation proceeds. Support for zoning was strongly related to perceived benefits, particularly environmental benefits. Furthermore, perceived benefits overall were found to outweigh concerns as determinants of recreational boater support for zoning. Major dimensions of opposition included perceptions of over-regulation, loss of access for boating, and mistrust of the government. A suggestion is that such concerns may be mitigated through focused communication and meaningful involvement of boaters in the zoning process.     

山区公路建设生态保护和水土保持

对山区公路建设生态保护和水土保持作了比较深入地分析与探讨,总结归纳了山区公路施工、营运期生态保护和水土保持的重点与措施,并对国内外公路建设生态保护进行了比较。     

混合动力汽车电池放电终止状态判断方法

分析比较几种判断铅酸电池放电终止状态的方法，指出这些以恒流放电特性为基础的放电终止状态判断标准不适于在变电流放电状态下工作的混合动力电动汽车用电池；U-C曲线斜率法考虑了变电流放电因素，适用于混合动力电动汽车电池管理系统对电池终止放电状态进行实时判断。     

浅论山丘地区防洪治理

山洪灾害是在一定强度、持续的降雨或特殊地形地质条件下发生的。具有突发、易发、破坏性大、防御困难等特点,因而有别于城市一般地区的防洪,该文就无锡惠山地区石门下开发建设中涉及山丘防洪规划治理的问题进行了探讨。     

山区高速公路隧道典型安全因素分析及其对策研究

文章针对西部多条山区高速公路隧道运营安全情况,分析山区高速公路隧道的典型安全事故及原因,提出了基于车速限制、车道限制、照明控制与交通安全设施的安全对策,为山区高速公路隧道的安全运营提供参考。     

高等级道路通过机场飞行区的设计要求

高等级道路通过机场飞行区时,需根据无线电导航设施及其保护区范围、按照机场净空要求、考虑道路灯光对地面航空灯的影响,同时结合道路本身线形设计要求来确定最终道路线位方案。该文介绍了机场无线电导航设施及其保护区范围内场地要求,同时以南五环路穿过南苑机场无线电导航设施保护区的线位选择为例,详细介绍在满足机场要求的前提下,南五环路在通过机场飞行区范围内合理调整线位,使五环路通过机场飞行区时,满足飞行区技术标准。     

国家康居工程给排水及消防设计若干问题探讨

该文介绍了国家康居工程福建晋江兰峰城市花园的给排水及消防工程的设计。针对康居工程的特点和要求,设计中采用分区供水方式、污废水分流、中水回收利用,区域消防系统集中设置屋顶水箱及消防泵房,并采用节水、环保的新产品、新设备,体现绿色、环保、节能的康居住宅的设计理念。     

武汉新区道路网规划研究

通过对城市新区道路网规划理念的分析,结合武汉新区道路网的现状,讨论了武汉新区对外、对内、慢行等道路交通系统的规划策略。     

杭州湾跨海大桥水中低墩区钢管桩设计

结合杭州湾跨海大桥水中低墩区自然环境条件,对该区域桥梁钢管桩设计思路做了较详细的说明,包括从钢管桩设计方案的选择到钢管桩细部构造的设计思路,结构受力的理论计算,施工、制造工艺水平等方面。