Pedestrian crowd tactical‐level decision making during emergency evacuations

This paper investigates pedestrian crowd tactical‐level decision making during emergency evacuations. Of particular interest is crowd exit‐choice behaviour. Two sources of stated choice data are collected and combined. One data set is derived from an experiment linked to a real‐life exit choice experience of participants (in a non‐evacuation setting). We examine aspects that have often been taken for granted in the literature in connection with egress behaviour of crowds during emergencies. We quantify evacuees' trade‐off between “distance”, “density”, “exit visibility” and “directional density” as well as the interactive effect between exit visibility and tendency to follow others. A comprehensive random‐utility analysis is conducted ranging from traditionally practiced models to the state‐of‐the‐practice methods such as random‐coefficient nested logit. Our findings suggest that (i) unless evacuees face certain levels of uncertainty in the escape environment; flows of crowd are unlikely to be followed. Otherwise, most evacuees perceive other individuals as potential sources of congestion and extra delay (generalisation to situations where crowd is completely unfamiliar with the egress geometry, however, may require careful scrutiny). (ii) Evacuees mostly prefer visible exits over the exits whose congestion level is unknown to them (i.e. the tendency to minimise ambiguity). (iii) The presence of attribute uncertainty (e.g. exit visibility) significantly changes the impact of observing decisions of others on each individual choice maker. We also found out that (iv) spatial distribution of exits has a significant influence on evacuees' decisions (presenting itself in the form of violating the IIA assumption). (v) The marginal weights that different individuals place upon attributes of exits are significantly heterogeneous. (vi) There is meaningful correlation between certain utility weights of individual evacuees. These behavioural findings can provide significant behavioural insight essential for safe evacuation planning and accurate forecast of evacuees' behaviour. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

九华山隧道电气照明安装施工技术

总结了南京市九华山隧道电气照明安装技术,通过电气照明安装工艺、工序的总结,为电气照明安装的施工提供依据。     

高速列车紧急制动距离参数设计浅论

介绍了典型国家高速列车紧急制动距离参数情况;阐述了列车制动动能及轮轨黏着对紧急制动距离参数影响的基本情况;分析比较了典型国家高速列车紧急制动距离参数及设计条件的差异;总结了改善紧急制动距离参数的几种常用措施,如增黏、非黏制动等;提出了我国高速列车紧急制动距离参数设计中应适当增加非黏制动的建议。     

地铁施工应急预案编制及坍塌事故预案的探讨

地铁施工安全事故应急预案在事故应急救援中具有重要的作用.一份完善的应急预案能有效避免事故扩大,减少人员伤亡及财产损失.分析了应急预案存在的问题,结合地铁事故应急救援的基本要求,提出适合我国地铁工程建设体制的应急预案编制流程,并编制地铁坍塌事故应急预案,为地铁其他类型事故应急预案的编写提供参考.     

列车发生紧急制动的原因与分析

列车运行中发生紧急制动时,其成因主要分为非可控性与可控性故障.非可控性故障属突发性的;可控性故障是在机车制动机实施制动减压进程中所发生的,其处理与防止措施也有所区别.     

HXD3机车LTZ3.2H型空气干燥器异常排风故障分析

根据HXD3机车运用过程中空气干燥器的故障统计,分析了LTZ3.2H型空气干燥器异常排风的原因,提出应急处理方法,减少了机车因空气干燥器大排风造成的机破。     

基于改进DEA法的铁路应急预案编制绩效评价方法研究

针对铁路应急预案编制绩效评价指标体系多输入、多输出等特性,提出选用DEA法对铁路应急预案编制绩效进行综合评价。同时,针对传统DEA法的局限性,提出改进的DEA法,克服传统DEA法无法确定有效决策单元优劣顺序的缺陷,并针对应急预案编制评价指标的重要程度给予不同的权重,提高了评价结果的可靠性和准确性。最后以青藏铁路公司为例对其预案编制绩效进行综合评价,验证该方法的合理性和可靠性。     

不确定条件下地铁应急储备点 优化配置研究

为提高地铁应对突发事件的预防和处置能力,探讨不确定条件下的地铁应急物资储备点优化配置问题。 考虑在应急物资储备点不确定和需求点救援带有时间窗限制的情形下,以应急物流总成本最小化和救援时间最短 化为目标,建立基于相关机会规划理论的地铁应急储备点选址-路径模型,并应用遗传算法求解。通过算例验证遗 传算法在处理应急储备点不确定和需求点时间窗限制下的有效性和鲁棒性,可减少陷入局部最优的可能性,进而 为地铁应急物资储备点选址决策提供模型和方法设计。     

现代有轨电车网络化运营技术条件与管理方法探讨

为提高现代有轨电车网络化运营管理水平,总结分析沈阳浑南现代有轨电车在线路条件、设备系统制式以及运营管理模式等方面的经验,并在此基础上提出现代有轨电车网络化运营所需要的技术条件以及所采取的管理方法。实现网络化运营在技术条件方面需做到各条线路之间的设备系统制式一致,线路之间互联互通;在调度管理方面创新性地提出分区段调度指挥方式;在设备维保方面采取区域性维保及应急抢修组织模式。通过不断地探索与实践,沈阳浑南现代有轨电车已初步建立网络化运营管理体系,为各城市现代有轨电车网络化运营提供借鉴。     

上海轨道交通车辆基地照明系统节能改造实施方式探索

为探索轨道交通车辆基地车库及路灯照明节能改造最优化方式,选取上海陈太路车辆基地和富锦路车辆基地的车库及路灯照明系统进行节能模式试点对比改造。两座基地的改造分别采用合同能源管理和直接采购模式,从实施效果来看,两者均能满足节能要求,直接采购模式的投资回收期和节能效益更优。