新能源插电式混合动力汽车馈电时控制逻辑的分析与驾驶体验优化 ——不同混动架构与驾驶体验以及与能耗之间的关系分析

时代的发展使得环境污染问题愈发严重,机动车成为排放污染物的重要贡献者.因此,发展新能源汽车具有很强的战略性必要性.常见的混合动力汽车可粗略分为两大类:HEV普通型混合动力汽车;PHEV插电式混合动力汽车.前者的代表性车型为:丰田普锐斯、一汽丰田卡罗拉双擎.后者的代表车型为:比亚迪秦、荣威Ei6等国产车型.特殊车型为传祺...     

Dynamic optimization of ship energy efficiency considering time-varying environmental factors

Nowadays, optimization of ship energy efficiency attracts increasing attention in order to meet the requirement for energy conservation and emission reduction. Ship operation energy efficiency is significantly influenced by environmental factors such as wind speed and direction, water speed and depth. Owing to inherent time-variety and uncertainty associated with these various factors, it is very difficult to determine optimal sailing speeds accurately for different legs of the whole route using traditional static optimization methods, especially when the weather conditions change frequently over the length of a ship route. Therefore, in this paper, a novel dynamic optimization method adopting the model predictive control (MPC) strategy is proposed to optimize ship energy efficiency accounting for these time-varying environmental factors. Firstly, the dynamic optimization model of ship energy efficiency considering time-varying environmental factors and the nonlinear system model of ship energy efficiency are established. On this basis, the control algorithm and controller for the dynamic optimization of ship energy efficiency (DOSEE) are designed. Finally, a case study is carried out to demonstrate the validity of this optimization method. The results indicate that the optimal sailing speeds at different time steps could be determined through the dynamic optimization method. This method can improve ship energy efficiency and reduce CO₂ emissions effectively.     

Impacts of plug-in electric vehicles in the portuguese electrical grid

Powertrain electrification is currently the best alternative to ensure sustainable energy efficient personal mobility, increasing the integration of intermittent Renewable Energy Sources (RES), improving air quality in urban centres, and reducing greenhouse gas emissions from the transport sector and their dependence on fossil energy sources. With the increasing number of Electric Vehicles (EVs) available from automotive manufacturers, one key question that arises is the capability of the electrical grid to feed the increasing energy demand of the EV fleet without major investments. This paper shows that a progressive penetration of EVs, even at a rapid rate, is perfectly possible for vehicles that offer autonomy, energy consumption and charging characteristics that are currently available in the market. This analysis is based on data acquired during a year, using a Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PEV) as the only vehicle for a typical, Southern European Portuguese family. The energy consumption of a gasoline and electric vehicle is presented, as well as its impact on the household load pattern. An analysis of the impact on the grid is also presented, considering several penetration rates (100 thousand, 500 thousand and 1 million vehicles). As well as the avoided use of fossil fuel per vehicle and consequent reduction in overall emissions when compared with a conventional vehicle.     

Dolphin Liberation in Korea: Is it Beneficial for Conservation?

The release of captive dolphins (Tursiops aduncus) from South Korean marine parks, which occurred in 2013, 2015, and 2017, is described and evaluated for its usefulness for conservation of coastal ecosystems. The campaign to free the dolphins created a flagship species, uniting the efforts of national government agencies, local government, and NGOs. However, the Korean management agencies framed the release as a species-specific conservation intervention, while the NGOs brought forward welfare-based demands for the curtailment of cetacean captivity. We argue that the release of the Korean dolphins changed the policy climate, to facilitate two major policy changes: revision of anti-whaling regulations to prohibit capture of cetaceans for exhibit, and improvement of regulations for rescue, rehabilitation, and release of stranded marine animals. Tradeoffs between welfare and conservation concerns are described in terms of risk for the management agency, welfare for the animals, and feasibility of a continued commitment to maintain the viability of the dolphin stock in the wild. The release of captive animals to their native range relies on a single-species conservation focus which poses little risk for management agencies but does not guarantee their continued commitment.     

Energy use in passenger transport in OECD countries: Changes since 1970

This paper analyzes some of the changes that took place in the structure of energy use for passenger travel in industrialized countries. Data is presented on energy use and travel activity for the four major modes of travel — automobile, bus, rail and air — for eight OECD countries: the United States, Japan, the United Kingdom, West Germany, France, Italy, Sweden, and Norway. We use the Laspeyres and Divisia indices to analyze the causes of the change in energy use between 1970 and 1987. The total change in energy use for travel is explained by changes in domestic passenger transport volumes, the mix of modes of travel, and the energy intensities of each mode. We have found two important effects that have a fundamental impact on energy use for travel since 1970. First, shifts among modes of transport towards more energy-intensive ones and large increases in volumes of travel (measured in passenger-kilometers) increased energy use for travel in many OECD countries, often more rapidly than the overall growth in GDP. Second, energy intensities, measured in mJ/passenger-kilometer, of passenger transport fell only in a few countries between 1970 and 1987. Even though individual automobiles have become more energy-efficient, greater size, power, and weight, worsening traffic conditions in Japan and Europe, and fewer people in cars restrained or even offset efficiency improvements. Particularly notable are the increases in intensities in Japan and Germany. The most important exception to this trend was the United States, but the intensities of land-based travel remain higher there than in most other countries. These findings lead to a pessimistic outlook for future energy use for travel. After all, if little or no energy was saved during the decades of high fuel prices, what can be expected in the 1990s?     

地铁电动车辆电能的测量与分析

介绍了北京地铁在电动车辆上装电子电能表进行电能测量的情况，并对地铁电动车辆电耗统计的数据进行了分析比较，解决了北京地铁车辆耗电无准确测量手段的问题，根据技术的发展，提出了已有地铁车辆不必全装电子能表，而新型地铁车辆可装设电能计算装置的意见。     

维纶纤维砼的抗弯性能实验研究

用干式喷射工艺制成维轮纤砼板，再用金刚石锯将其锯成４ｃｍ＊４ｃｍ＊１６ｃｍ的小试块，对试块进行弯实验，观察到纤维的加入将大幅度地提高高砼的吸收能量的能力，但纤维的加入也产生了数倍至十倍于纤维体积的孔隙。     

长江下游(通申线)综合节能客轮水动力试验研究设计

长江下游(通申线)综合节能客轮“新越”号,系我所于80年代后期设计。该船的船宽吃水比为5.25,属于超浅吃水船,设计难度较大。作者采用多种方案,进行了大量的水动力试验研究,主要是线型的优化研究,经分析比较,最后采用我所开发的不对称双尾鳍船型,解决了推进、操纵、布置等一系列问题,达到了较高的快速性和节能指标。该船与70年代的优秀船型——双桨轴支架型客轮相比,船体节能效果达到25％,综合节能效果为35％。     

24000t运木散货船球首及尾部节能装置试验研究

改善船舶快速性，提高节能效果，从而提高船舶营运经济性日益受到国内外船东的关注。七○八所设计的出口船２４０００ｔ运木散货船由于船东对主尺度的限制比较苛刻，引起航速紧张，经我所船模试验研究改进后，达到并略超过了船东要求的先进技术指标，较８０年代日本建造的同类型船的每吨海里油耗降低４５％～５７％，并比１９９５年日本新建的同型船的油耗低２％～２３％。介绍该船线型优化、球首设计及前置节能导管舵球节能装置的试验结果。     

仿生双菱形肋边多胞薄壁结构的耐撞性能研究

为提高汽车吸能盒结构耐撞性,受毛竹微观结构启发,提出3种不同的仿生双菱形肋边多胞薄壁结构。建立仿生双菱形肋边多胞薄壁结构的有限元模型,通过有限元仿真对比研究仿生双菱形肋边多胞薄壁结构与传统八边形多胞薄壁结构的耐撞性。分析双菱形肋边布置方式、内层壁厚等因素对新型薄壁结构吸能特性和变形模式的影响。结果表明,与传统八边形多胞薄壁结构相比,仿生双菱形肋边多胞薄壁结构的吸能特性有了明显的提升;双菱形肋边布置方式和内外层壁厚对结构吸能特性均有一定影响;随着内层壁厚的增加,结构最大峰值力减小,但总能量吸收和比吸能减少,载荷平稳度降低。仿生双菱形肋边多胞薄壁结构能有效降低乘员在汽车正面碰撞中所受的伤害,可应用到新能源汽车吸能盒的设计开发中。