Modeling traffic operation at signalized intersections without explicit left‐turn yielding rules with an enhanced cell transmission model

This paper presents an enhanced cell transmission model (CTM) to capture traffic operation at signalized intersections without explicit permissive left‐turn yielding rules (i.e. aggressive permissive left‐turn maneuvers may not necessarily yield to opposing through traffic), which can be widely observed in many developing countries. Different from previous studies that focus on traffic dynamics on approaching links, this study contributes to modeling traffic operations within the intersection. A novel cell transmission framework with various types of virtual cells is proposed to model the dynamics of traffic movements from approach to exit. The unique phenomenon of competitive occupying of the conflict point between the left turn and opposing through movements is modeled. The cell state indicating its blockage is proposed to capture the dynamic queue formulation and dissipation and to evaluate the operational traffic performance at the intersection. Field validation results show that the proposed model can capture the operation of traffic at signalized intersections without explicit permissive left‐turn yielding rules with significantly higher level of accuracy than traditional traffic flow models. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

柴油机尿素 SCR 反应特性的试验研究

利用可独立控制尿素喷射量的SCR系统,通过柴油机台架试验,研究了钒基催化剂温度和空速对SCR催化还原反应NOx 转化效率和反应速率的影响,以及尿素喷嘴安装位置对转化效率的影响。结果表明：NOx 转化率随着氨氮比（NH3与NOx 物质的量之比）的升高而逐渐升高,由于尿素水解和热解不完全等因素,氨氮比上升到2时NOx 转化率才可达到最大;NOx 转化率随着催化剂温度升高而升高,到400℃时基本趋于稳定,NOx 转化率随空速升高略有下降;SCR反应速率随温度的升高而升高,随空速的变化不明显;相同氨氮比时,尿素喷嘴与催化剂的距离增加,有利于NOx 转化率的升高。     

On the implementation of an auxiliary pantograph for speed increase on existing lines

The contact between pantograph and catenary at high speeds suffers from high dynamic contact force variation due to stiffness variations and wave propagation. To increase operational speed on an existing catenary system, especially for soft catenary systems, technical upgrading is usually necessary. Therefore, it is desirable to explore a more practical and cost-saving method to increase the operational speed. Based on a 3D pantograph–catenary finite element model, a parametric study on two-pantograph operation with short spacing distances at high speeds shows that, although the performance of the leading pantograph gets deteriorated, the trailing pantograph feels an improvement if pantographs are spaced at a proper distance. Then, two main positive effects, which can cause the improvement, are addressed. Based on a discussion on wear mechanisms, this paper suggests to use the leading pantograph as an auxiliary pantograph, which does not conduct any electric current, to minimise additional wear caused by the leading pantograph. To help implementation and achieve further improvement under this working condition, this paper investigates cases with optimised uplift force on the leading pantograph and with system parameter deviations. The results show that the two positive effects still remain even with some system parameter deviations. About 30% of speed increase should be possibly achieved still sustaining a good dynamic performance with help of the optimised uplift force.     

船用螺旋桨逆向改型设计方法研究

逆向工程技术可以实现产品的快速创新,将该技术应用到船用螺旋桨改型设计中,突破了螺旋桨的传统设计模式。本研究通过对叶片数字化模型进行整体扭转变形和翘曲变形实现了桨叶的改型,并结合CFD计算发现这种改型方法对提高螺旋桨的推进效率具有重要的作用。结果显示：扭转变形5°,10°,15°,其效率分别提高了4.3%,6.75%,9.42%。再扭转15°的条件下分别对叶梢翘曲±10 mm,发现翘曲-10 mm时推进效率略有降低,而翘曲+10 mm后推进效率有显著提高。     

水流速度对内河船舶营运能效影响分析

本文在能源消耗和环境污染的危机下,致力于内河船舶能源消耗和温室气体排放的研究,分析了水流速度对内河船舶营运能效的影响。本分析是基于一艘客船的数据进行的,分别对不同航段下水流速度,主机转速,燃油消耗进行测量,并计算得到内河船舶营运能效。根据测量结果提出内河船舶营运能效提升策略,为内河航运业的节能减排提供帮助。     

基于侧斜的螺旋桨优化设计

螺旋桨的螺距、纵倾、侧斜、剖面参数等众多几何参数综合决定着螺旋桨的水动力性能,在进行螺旋桨优化设计的过程中,需要以这些参数为优化变量进行优化。本文以粒子群算法为工具,基于面元法理论,以侧斜为优化变量,推力系数为限制条件,敞水效率为优化目标,对螺旋桨进行优化设计。侧斜用贝塞尔曲线拟合方式进行表达,给定一定的变化范围,符合优化过程中的实际变化。对优化结果进行分析,螺旋桨敞水效率提高,同时改善了桨叶表面的压力分布,有利于延迟空泡的产生;优化桨在0-1的进速中敞水效率均比原桨提高。     

DEA方法在城市客运换乘枢纽评价中的应用研究

通过对城市客运换乘枢纽进行分类和定位分析,指出换乘枢纽服务效率的优劣将直接影响到城市交通的运行效率。从定性和定量两个方面入手,建立切实可行的客运换乘枢纽评价指标体系,引入DEA模型,对城市客运换乘枢纽的服务效率进行有效性评价分析,通过对评价结果的对比分析,可对换乘枢纽在规划、布局、换乘衔接、交通组织等方面存在的问题进行有针对性的改善。通过在实际工程中的应用表明,DEA方法在评价客运换乘枢纽效率的过程中具有较强的可操作性。     

基于交通均衡理论的城市干道网改扩建布局规划模型

针对城市主干道网构建虚拟交叉点和虚拟路网,采用虚拟路网OD迭代反推技术,获得各虚拟节点间的现状出行量;利用交通均衡模型对其均衡配流,获得虚拟路网各单元的均衡结构参数。在此基础上,通过分析城市干道网存在的布局结构缺陷,给出系统改扩建优化方案。为城市干道网改扩建布局规划方案的宏观一体化优化和评价提供理论依据和分析方法。     

含水乙醇蒸气对内燃机充气效率的影响

采用进气道预混合方式,在汽油机(柴油机)上燃用含水乙醇蒸气或者掺烧含水乙醇蒸气。本研究基于等热量假定和等摩尔量假定,计算和分析了掺烧含水乙醇蒸气对内燃机充气效率的影响。计算表明,含水乙醇蒸气完全替代汽油,充气效率有较大幅度下降;柴油机掺烧含水乙醇蒸气对充气效率的影响很小。     

沥青拌和设备燃烧器如何良好使用重渣油的研究

通过对多家沥青拌和设备所使用的燃烧器的监测,研究了目前应用于沥青拌和设备的燃烧器在使用重渣油代替柴油时所遇到燃油难以正常雾化、燃烧,影响燃烧器正常使用的问题,最终得出沥青拌和设备在使用专用燃烧机,并对燃料供给系统进行良好设计和维护下,便可极大地提高重渣油利用效率的结论。