长途客车制动性能模拟计算分析

针对长途客车行驶过程中频繁出现的由于制动性能而导致的安全隐患,为了进一步完善和提高车辆制动性能参数的设计效率,建立了长途客车整车动力学计算模型,制动系统动力学模型以及轮胎模型,并在Visual C++环境下编写了长途客车制动性能模拟计算系统,通过模拟计算分析获得长途客车制动过程中的制动性能参数及响应曲线,并判断其是否符合相关制动性标准,为制动性能的完善提供了可靠、有效的参考。     

An insight into linear quarter car model accuracy

The linear quarter car model is the most widely used suspension system model. A number of authors expressed doubts about the accuracy of the linear quarter car model in predicting the movement of a complex nonlinear suspension system. In this investigation, a quarter car rig, designed to mimic the popular MacPherson strut suspension system, is subject to narrowband excitation at a range of frequencies using a motor driven cam. Linear and nonlinear quarter car simulations of the rig are developed. Both isolated and operational testing techniques are used to characterise the individual suspension system components. Simulations carried out using the linear and nonlinear models are compared to measured data from the suspension test rig at selected excitation frequencies. Results show that the linear quarter car model provides a reasonable approximation of unsprung mass acceleration but significantly overpredicts sprung mass acceleration magnitude. The nonlinear simulation, featuring a trilinear shock absorber model and nonlinear tyre, produces results which are significantly more accurate than linear simulation results. The effect of tyre damping on the nonlinear model is also investigated for narrowband excitation. It is found to reduce the magnitude of unsprung mass acceleration peaks and contribute to an overall improvement in simulation accuracy.     

A closed-loop dynamic simulation-based design method for articulated heavy vehicles with active trailer steering systems

This paper presents a closed-loop dynamic simulation-based design method for articulated heavy vehicles (AHVs) with active trailer steering (ATS) systems. AHVs have poor manoeuvrability at low speeds and exhibit low lateral stability at high speeds. From the design point of view, there exists a trade-off relationship between AHVs’ manoeuvrability and stability. For example, fewer articulation points and longer wheelbases will improve high-speed lateral stability, but they will degrade low-speed manoeuvrability. To tackle this conflicting design problem, a systematic method is proposed for the design of AHVs with ATS systems. In order to evaluate vehicle performance measures under a well-defined testing manoeuvre, a driver model is introduced and it ‘drivers’ the vehicle model to follow a prescribed route at a given speed. Considering the interactions between the mechanical trailer and the ATS system, the proposed design method simultaneously optimises the active design variables of the controllers and passive design variables of the trailer in a single design loop (SDL). Through the design optimisation of an ATS system for an AHV with a truck and a drawbar trailer combination, this SDL method is compared against a published two design loop method. The benchmark investigation shows that the former can determine better trade-off design solutions than those derived by the latter. This SDL method provides an effective approach to automatically implement the design synthesis of AHVs with ATS systems.     

Optimisation of lateral car dynamics taking into account parameter uncertainties

Simulation studies on an active all-wheel-steering car show that disturbance of vehicle parameters have high influence on lateral car dynamics. This motivates the need of robust design against such parameter uncertainties. A specific parametrisation is established combining deterministic, velocity-dependent steering control parameters with partly uncertain, velocity-independent vehicle parameters for simultaneous use in a numerical optimisation process. Model-based objectives are formulated and summarised in a multi-objective optimisation problem where especially the lateral steady-state behaviour is improved by an adaption strategy based on measurable uncertainties. The normally distributed uncertainties are generated by optimal Latin hypercube sampling and a response surface based strategy helps to cut down time consuming model evaluations which offers the possibility to use a genetic optimisation algorithm. Optimisation results are discussed in different criterion spaces and the achieved improvements confirm the validity of the proposed procedure.     

公路隧道洞口结构因素对废气窜流的影响

为了给减弱公路隧道洞口废气窜流提供洞口土建结构设计方案,对洞口废气窜流影响的显著性因素进行了探讨,从洞口纵向错开不同距离、洞外设置不同位置及高度的挡壁等结构因素出发,借助计算流体动力学技术,进行了多因素异水平混合型数值模拟正交试验,探讨了不利自然风条件下洞外不同组合结构因素对洞1：7废气窜流的影响规律。结果表明：不同结构因素组合对废气窜流改善效果明显不同,洞1：7纵向错开改善窜流效果最为明显;在隧道出口侧设置有挡壁的所有组合结构均能较好地改善出口废气窜流,其中最有效的是同时在出口侧、中侧、入口侧设置与洞口等高的挡壁;仅在洞外中侧设置中间挡壁,其高度约为洞口高度的2倍时,可以有效改善废气窜流,其他情况下采用高挡壁结构的改善效果不佳;若同时在两隧道中侧与入口隧道侧设置挡壁则废气窜流改善效果差;若仅在入口隧道侧设置长挡壁,则加剧废气窜流。     

异型钢单缝式伸缩缝破坏原因及对策

异型钢单缝式伸缩缝在重载车辆的冲击震动作用下,耐久性较差。高速公路上经常因维修伸缩缝影响车辆的正常通行,分析其原因,找到对策,对于提高伸缩缝耐久性意义重大。     

非结构动网格方法在内燃机数值模拟中的应用

提出了一种动态层和弹性平滑结合的非结构动网格方法,在网格运动方向进行网格合并和分裂。由于动态层方法可视为网格重构方法的特例,提出了一种内燃机缸内过程处理的二阶精度的插值计算方法。当网格运动达到一定条件时,将多组网格层同时合并或分裂,减少了网格合并和分裂次数,提高了计算效率。对于流场计算部分,采用有限体积法离散流场控制方程,运用SIMPLEC算法求解NS方程,开发了内燃机三维CFD数值模拟程序,计算实例表明计算结果与试验值吻合较好。     

应力波在深层搅拌桩中传播特性的数值模拟

通过对应力波在深层搅拌桩中传播过程的数值模拟,分析了不同脉冲荷载、接收点位置、缺陷类型、桩周土体性质对应力波传播的影响,得到不同条件下反射波的信号特征。结果表明:采用橡胶锤激振能够获得较好的信号,接收点位于距桩心0.70R附近处效果最佳;不同缺陷具有不同的反射波特征,具体表现在反射波的相位和振幅上;同时,随着缺陷的增大,桩底反射波的振幅呈减弱趋势。桩周土成层时与单一土层相比,应力波的传播速度明显减小。     

应用于动力电池热管理的重力型热管仿真研究

针对应用于车用动力电池热管理的重力型热管开展了建模与仿真研究,采用控制变量法分析了不同充液率、内壁面接触角和初始压力对热管启动性能与换热特性的影响。结果表明,随着充液率的增大,传热性能在提升,当充液率为85.7%时传热速率达到峰值。随着接触角的增大,传热性能在降低,当接触角为60o时传热速率达到峰值。随着初始压力的增大,传热性能在降低,当初始压力为3 361 Pa时传热速率达到峰值。