穿越陡坎地形的偏压黄土隧道大变形时空特征研究

针对黄土隧道开挖这一施工领域中的难题,依托地坑院隧道,对隧道穿越沿线地质地形的施工风险进行分析,同时基于监控量测数据,对典型横断面和纵向段的初期支护变形规律进行研究,得出初期支护沿时空分布的变形特征。分析结果表明: 1)围岩变形持续时间长、变形速率大,有时具有突变性; 2)初期支护横断面收敛不均,纵向变形与断面距掌子面距离直接相关; 3)隧道变形受地形、地下水和施工的影响较大。根据现场围岩大变形规律针对性地制定相关控制措施,研究成果可为现场施工提供技术性指导。     

不同雷诺数下车辆队列尾车发动机舱盖气动特性研究

数值仿真与模型风洞试验相结合研究了典型工况下两车队列中尾车发动机舱盖气动特性和两车间隔区域的流场,对比了缩比模型和实车模型对应雷诺数下车辆队列的流动形态。缩比模型仿真结果与风洞试验结果一致表明采用数值方法的可行。对比不同雷诺数下车辆队列气动特性发现,缩比模型与实车模型发动机舱盖表面平均静压分布基本相同,但在纵向对称面上,实车模型的前车尾迹比缩比模型更加上扬,底部区域气流速度更高。非定常条件下,实车模型前车尾涡相对尺度明显小于缩比模型,且扩散得更充分,尾迹区涡的分布状态更加混沌,发动机舱盖表面脉动能量的分布更加混乱。涡在两车间隔区域的运动并非简单的移动,而是一个由涡破裂、涡配对和涡融合构成的复杂过程。     

数字化汽车标准信源技术及其在公路交通管理中的应用研究

数字化汽车标准信源体系的建立是解决我国公路交通管理难题的有效方式。以800/900MHz无源RFID技术可建立起数字化汽车标准信源体系平台,通过建立该平台,可形成不停车收费及路径识别的应用系统,该系统不但可以实现不停车收费及路径识别功能,还可以进行一系列的拓展应用,提高我国公路交通的管理水平。     

Vehicle sensor data-based analysis on the driving style differences between operating indoor simulator and on-road instrumented vehicle

Abstract

Indoor simulator and on-road instrumented vehicle are the most popular ways to analyze driving behaviors by using collected Vehicle Sensor Data (VSD). However, for a same driver, the driving performance could be different in the real world and in the simulated world. Even though many studies have been conducted to discover the differences of driving behaviors in these two circumstances, little research has focused on analyzing the differences in driving style, which can provide more integrated knowledge of a driver from the natural structure, stimulus–response mechanism, of driving behaviors. Therefore, in this paper, the driving styles in both the real world and the simulated world are extracted by implementing the nonnegative matrix factorization method on the collected VSD data. Through this analysis, the driving style differences can be quantitatively described and discussed in detail. It is found that the drivers tend to be more unstable and sometimes aggressive when driving the simulator and the deviation in the perception of temporal gap in two circumstances is also discovered. The research findings are particularly valuable to calibrate the driving simulator and construct more reliable driving behavior models.     

用于智能驾驶系统评价的乘员损伤模型

只有较少的交通事故数据资源被用于建立基于碰撞速度信息的乘员损伤模型，致使所得到的模型精度差。为此，提出了基于车辆变形深度的乘员损伤模型。对美国不同制造年代和车辆级别的事故数据进行聚类分析，论证出车辆变形深度与乘员损伤风险具有相关性。以车辆变形深度为自变量，通过回归分析得到乘员损伤模型。不同种类车辆的乘员损伤模型拟合精度R²约为0.9，证明了该模型的正确性。为进一步验证，以此模型为基础，评价智能驾驶系统的有效性。以自动紧急制动系统为例，对比基于变形深度和速度变化量信息2种方法的有效性计算结果。结果表明：2组结果的平均误差不超过1%，验证了基于变形深度的乘员损伤模型的准确性。该模型仅需要事故数据库中准确的变形深度信息，能够获得更多的事故数据支持，从而可以更好地适应于不同类别智能驾驶系统的评价需求。     

Multivariable speed synchronisation for a parallel hybrid electric vehicle drivetrain

In this article, a new drivetrain configuration of a parallel hybrid electric vehicle is considered and a novel model-based control design strategy is given. In particular, the control design covers the speed synchronisation task during a restart of the internal combustion engine. The proposed multivariable synchronisation strategy is based on feedforward and decoupled feedback controllers. The performance and the robustness properties of the closed-loop system are illustrated by nonlinear simulation results.     

Strategies to achieve deep reductions in metropolitan transportation GHG emissions: the case of Philadelphia

ABSTRACT

This paper investigates strategies that could achieve an 80% reduction in transportation emissions from current levels by 2050 in the City of Philadelphia. The baseline daily lifecycle emissions generated by road transportation in the Greater Philadelphia Region in 2012 were quantified using trip information from the 2012 Household Travel Survey (HTS). Emissions were projected to the year 2050 accounting for population growth and trends in vehicle technology for both the Greater Philadelphia Region and the City of Philadelphia. The impacts of vehicle technology and shifts in travel modes on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in 2050 were quantified using a scenario approach. The analysis of 12 different scenarios suggests that 80% reduction in emissions is technically feasible through a combination of active transportation, cleaner fuels for public transit vehicles, and a significant market penetration of battery-electric vehicles. The additional electricity demand associated with greater use of electric vehicles could amount to 10.8 TWh/year. The use of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) shows promising results due to high reductions in GHG emissions at a potentially manageable cost.     

Structural safety of trams in case of misguidance in a switch

Tram vehicles mainly operate on street tracks where sometimes misguidance in switches occurs due to unfavourable conditions. Generally, in this situation, the first running gear of the vehicle follows the bend track while the next running gears continue straight ahead. This leads to a constraint that can only be solved if the vehicle's articulation is damaged or the wheel derails. The last-mentioned situation is less critical in terms of safety and costs. Five different tram types, one of them high floor, the rest low floor, were examined analytically. Numerical simulation was used to determine which wheel would be the first to derail and what level of force is needed in the articulation area between two carbodies to make a tram derail. It was shown that with pure analytical simulation, only an idea of which tram type behaves better or worse in such a situation can be gained, while a three-dimensional computational simulation gives more realistic values for the forces that arise. Three of the four low-floor tram types need much higher articulation forces to make a wheel derail in a switch misguidance situation. One particular three-car type with two single-axle running gears underneath the centre car must be designed to withstand nearly three times higher articulation forces than a conventional high-floor articulated tram. Tram designers must be aware of that and should design the carbody accordingly.     

Fault classification method for the driving safety of electrified vehicles

A fault classification method is proposed which has been applied to an electric vehicle. Potential faults in the different subsystems that can affect the vehicle directional stability were collected in a failure mode and effect analysis. Similar driveline faults were grouped together if they resembled each other with respect to their influence on the vehicle dynamic behaviour. The faults were physically modelled in a simulation environment before they were induced in a detailed vehicle model under normal driving conditions. A special focus was placed on faults in the driveline of electric vehicles employing in-wheel motors of the permanent magnet type. Several failures caused by mechanical and other faults were analysed as well. The fault classification method consists of a controllability ranking developed according to the functional safety standard ISO 26262. The controllability of a fault was determined with three parameters covering the influence of the longitudinal, lateral and yaw motion of the vehicle. The simulation results were analysed and the faults were classified according to their controllability using the proposed method. It was shown that the controllability decreased specifically with increasing lateral acceleration and increasing speed. The results for the electric driveline faults show that this trend cannot be generalised for all the faults, as the controllability deteriorated for some faults during manoeuvres with low lateral acceleration and low speed. The proposed method is generic and can be applied to various other types of road vehicles and faults.     

商用车结构对通过性的影响

通过性是指车辆通过各种路况的能力。商用车的工作条件各不相同,对通过性的要求也不相同。要正确地认识汽车的最小离地间隙,某车的最小离地间隙比另一车大,不一定它的通过性就比另一车好。对商用车底盘结构、防护装置、底盘零部件、拖带挂车做了通过性分析。