A multi-layered risk exposure assessment approach for the shipping industry

Maritime administration and coastal states have become more aware of the need to enhance risk mitigation strategies primarily due to increased worldwide shipping activities, changing safety qualities of the world fleet and limited resources to deploy mitigation strategies. This paper introduces an innovative multi-layered framework to assess, predict and mitigate potential harm. The proposed approach addresses known restrictions of risk assessments in shipping. These restrictions are the lack of scalability to apply risk assessments over large areas using an automated routine, the absence of recognizing that the world fleet is heterogeneous, the lack of integrating location specific environmental conditions such as wind, currents or waves and most importantly, the lack of recognizing the uncertainties associated with each factor especially for predictions. The proposed framework is based on the idea of integrating various layers representing the most important factors that can influence risk in order to estimate and predict risk exposure for a given area. As proof of concept of the underlying ideas, the outcome of a pilot project with the Australian Maritime Safety Authority is presented which demonstrates the integration of the first two layers and is based on a unique and comprehensive combination of data. The results of selected endpoints of risk exposure compare well with observations. The article also discusses the integration of the remaining layers including the recognition and addition of uncertainties in the future.     

Is in-cabin exposure to carbon monoxide and fine particulate matter amplified by the vehicle’s self-pollution potential? Quantifying the rate of exhaust intrusion

In-cabin exposure has increased in recent years due to longer commute and/or prolonged times in cars. The intrusion of the vehicle’s own exhaust into the passenger’s compartment has been recognized as a process that amplifies in-cabin passenger exposure. Quantifying its contribution is hampered by uncertainties associated with its measurement method such as trace tests and the lack of data regarding certain critical physical parameters, particularly those pertaining to air exchange rate (AER) and particulate matter deposition rate (DR). In this study, we present a hybrid methodology combining field measurements with a single-zone mass balance to estimate these parameters as well as the source term that represents vehicle self-pollution. In- and out-vehicle carbon monoxide (CO) and fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) were monitored concurrently in test vehicles under idle and moving conditions using several common ventilation modes. In addition to defining a hybrid methodology to characterize the underlying physical parameters, this study found that vehicle self-pollution can account for approximately 15 and 30% of CO and PM_2.5 exposure experienced by vehicle occupants respectively. Vehicle self-exhaust intrusion may constitute a significant PM exposure route for vehicle-based occupations or commuters with prolonged time in vehicles.     

浅谈印制板图形转移制作工艺

论文主要介绍了图形转移(干膜)的制作工艺流程,并针对制作过程的常见问题进行分析和采取对策。     

锰的神经行为毒性研究

锰可致大鼠神经行为功能异常，其运行协调、学习和记忆能力下降与胺类递质改变有关。空气锰浓度接近或高于我国车间空气锰最高容许浓度，可引起工人神经行为功能改变，主要表现为手稳定度、反应速度、记忆力和注意力下降，这些指标与锰的累积暴露剂量有剂量－效应关系。锰的神经行为毒作用机制可能与神经递质代谢和细胞内钙稳态失调有关。     

锰作业男工妻子妊娠结局的调查研究

为评价锰对接触男工妻子妊娠结局的影响，对314名接触工人和314名非接触工人进行了调查。结果表明，74个作业点的209 个空气MnO2样品的几何平均质量浓度为0.145（0.002－9.340)mg/m^3，作业点和样品的超标率分别为47.3％和40.2％。接触组和对照组的早产、自然流产、死胎死产、低体重儿、新生儿死亡、围产儿死亡和出生缺陷发生率未见显著性差异，接触组自然流产、死胎死产、低体重儿、围产儿死亡和出生缺陷的RR和95％CI依次是1.5(0.7-3.0)、2.2(0.6-8.9)、1.5(0.7-3.1)、2.0(0.6-6.6)和4.6(0.5-39.3)。     

铜锰型CO常温消除催化剂水汽中毒机制的研究

通过对一种典型的铜锰型催化剂--德国德尔格催化剂通水蒸气条件下失活规律的研究,以及XRD,XPS,TG-DTA,TEM等物理手段对催化剂失活前后结构特点的表征,我们发现,催化剂失活前后,其体相结构和微观形貌没有明显的改变,但失活催化剂表面上出现了明显的碳酸盐组分。作者认为,锰离子具有较多的d空轨道,在有水蒸气存在的条件下,可能成为水分子的强吸附中心。滞留于催化剂表面的水分子与CO2反应生成碳酸根,掩盖了活性位,导致催化剂失活。     

锰的线粒体毒性

机体过量的锰暴露会导致进行性神经变性损害，严重者可出现帕金森氏病样症状。锰对线粒体有特殊的亲和力，过量的锰蓄积在线粒体，会引起线粒体形态发生改变。锰可通过阻断线粒体能量转换、诱导线粒体基因组突变和提高自由基产量而干扰线粒体的功能，最终导致ATP产生减少，影响细胞呼吸。因此，探讨锰的线粒体毒性将有助于进一步阐明锰神经毒作用机制，对锰中毒和帕金森氏病的预防和治疗也具有十分重要的意义。     

沿海混凝土结构的现场暴露试验站设计

介绍沿海混凝土结构现场暴露试验站的选址原则和设计方法,并依此详细介绍某沿海现场暴露试验站的设计.现场暴露试验站选址原则的确立,为暴露试验站的设计提供了理论依据.     

西安市大气总悬浮颗粒物及金属元素污染研究

根据西安市城市功能分区选择 4个点采集大气样品 ,测定总悬浮颗粒物 (TSP)及其中Pb、Mn、Ni、Cr、Cd五种金属元素的浓度。结果表明 ,西安市大气 TSP采暖期浓度显著高于非采暖期 (P <0 .0 5)。草滩大气 TSP浓度在采暖期和非采暖期显著低于开关厂、纺织城、市监测站 (P <0 .0 5)。5种金属元素浓度由高到低依次为 Pb、Mn、Cr、Ni、Cd,其中 Cr、Ni、Cd的浓度采暖期比非采暖期显著升高 (P <0 .0 5)。提示西安市大气 TSP污染是一个严重、亟待解决的问题 ,其中燃煤是造成大气污染的重要原因之一     

Effectiveness of using variable message signs to disseminate dynamic traffic information: Evidence from field trails in European cities

Variable message signs (VMS) can provide up‐to‐date traffic information and guidance to drivers through electronic signs at the roadside. The paper draws together the results from VMS field trials conducted in nine cities as part of European Union‐sponsored research projects carried out between 1994 and 1999. The projects followed common guidelines in carrying out field trial evaluations, which has enabled generalized findings to be made on the impacts of the different VMS applications. The main emphasis in the paper is on drivers' reactions to VMS and the impacts of VMS on road network efficiency. Results are reported for four different types of traffic information. For incident messages, it is not only the severity of the problem reported that influences the level of diversions, but also other factors such as the specific location mentioned and the availability of viable alternative routes to avoid the problem location. For route guidance information, it is demonstrated that substantial diversions occur when the route advice differs from that given normally. For continuous information describing the traffic state on a major route, information increases the use of the major route and reduces use of alternative routes if there are no traffic problems reported on the major route. Travel time information was well regarded by drivers and found to be effective in inducing route changes. In general, the deployments of VMS to inform drivers of traffic conditions have proved successful in terms of improving network travel times and reducing environmental impacts. Whilst such changes have been relatively small, driver perception of the benefits is much higher. This is potentially very significant in terms of the role that VMS can play in the development of integrated transport strategies, as the provision of information may encourage greater acceptance of a range of demand management measures.