可移动生产储油平台的应用与发展

介绍了海上边际油两种主要开发模式“三一模式”和“蜜蜂模式”,及其适用的油田类型.对“蜜蜂式”开发模式中的一种主要工程设施,可移动生产储油平台的自安装、方便搬迁、可重复利用等特点进行了详细的分析.回顾了我国渤海、涠洲以及南海海域采用可移动平台开发边际油田的进展.介绍了自升式钻井平台改造、海洋石油161平台建造等工程经验,如筒形基础可移动平台、多功能简易海洋平台、分体自升式平台等概念.针对南海东部边际油田开发的紧迫性,提出了须解决的关键技术,认为采用可移动储油平台这样的开发模式是可行的.     

两点系泊系统水动力性能分析

介绍两点系泊系统的组成和工作原理,并应用DNV船级社的SESAM软件,以渤中3-2油田两点系泊项目为例进行水动力性能分析,研究了风、浪、流等环境力方向对该系统运动位移和系泊缆张力的影响,得出了该系统适用于存在明显主流向的水域等结论.     

A simulation evaluation of the maximum approximate composite marginal likelihood (MACML) estimator for mixed multinomial probit models

This paper evaluates the ability of the maximum approximate composite marginal likelihood (MACML) estimation approach to recover parameters from finite samples in mixed cross-sectional and panel multinomial probit models. Comparisons with the maximum simulated likelihood (MSL) estimation approach are also undertaken. The results indicate that the MACML approach recovers parameters much more accurately than the MSL approach in all model structures and covariance specifications. The MACML inference approach also estimates the parameters efficiently, with the asymptotic standard errors being, in general, only a small proportion of the true values. As importantly, the MACML inference approach takes only a very small fraction of the time needed for MSL estimation. In particular, the results suggest that, for the case of five random coefficients, the MACML approach is about 50 times faster than the MSL for the cross-sectional random coefficients case, about 15 times faster than the MSL for the panel inter-individual random coefficients case, and about 350 times or more faster than the MSL for the panel intra- and inter-individual random coefficients case. As the number of alternatives in the unordered-response model increases, one can expect even higher computational efficiency factors for the MACML over the MSL approach. Further, as should be evident in the panel intra- and inter-individual random coefficients case, the MSL is all but practically infeasible when the mixing structure leads to an explosion in the dimensionality of integration in the likelihood function, but these situations are handled with ease in the MACML approach. It is hoped that the MACML procedure will spawn empirical research into rich model specifications within the context of unordered multinomial choice modeling, including autoregressive random coefficients, dynamics in coefficients, space-time effects, and spatial/social interactions.     

无人注水开发模式在旅大29-1项目中的创新与实践

针对边际油田采用无人远程注水模式海管投资较高的问题,创新无人平台就地注水工艺流程,提高注水设备和系统可靠性,升级无人平台自动化控制系统,实现无人平台就地注水,成功在旅大29-1项目得到应用.     

Applying social marginal costs pricing to the road sector

This chapter, following the results of the case studies analyzed in the Enact project, will identify and analyze the implications of the possible application of SMCP in PPP’s in the road sector. The main issues analyzed include SMCP revenue formation and its ability to finance the PPP. The paper will focus on market and competition issues like: 1) the problems due to mispriced substitutes; 2) the interdependencies between the tolls and the capacity of different road infrastructures when these are competing for the same demand; 3) since short run social marginal costs do not repay for the investments costs (except in special cases), in the case tolls should cover also the investment costs this will lead to totally different pricing schemes between roads in a same area, with problem of demand shift toward cheaper existing infrastructures, therefore increasing the problem of cost recovery. The incentives caused by the introduction of prices based on SMC’s are also investigated.     

Applying social marginal cost pricing in rail PPPs: Present state, drawbacks and ways forward

The application of social marginal cost pricing (SMCP) in PPP's in the railway sector faces several challenges. We examine in detail the practical applicability of SMCP in railway PPPs from the perspectives of cost accounting and effectiveness of SMCP towards the allocative efficiency goal, addressing the likely drawbacks in conciliating the welfare objectives of SMCP with the objectives of project financing (cost recovery) and value for money that justify the realization of PPP's. To this end, we combine theoretical analysis with the observation of empirical results of a case study. We split the analysis per type of private service provision, which can be for service operation or infrastructure management. For infrastructure management, we recommend splitting the operator remuneration and the track access charges. For service operation, we argue that the correct decision on source of funding of the service operator should depend on the characteristics of the contract.     

基于边际效用的民机备件库存优化模型

为了最大限度地发挥民机备件的保障作用, 使各种备件的库存水平最优, 在综合考虑备件的技术性、经济性与可获取性的基础上, 以备件缺货导致的民机平均维修等待时间为优化目标, 以总航材供应成本为约束条件, 建立了民机备件库存优化模型。在对备件单位成本的边际效用进行分析的基础上, 采用启发式算法对模型进行求解, 得到备件库存水平的优化方案。实例验证表明: 在给定供应成本约束条件下, 与仅依据各种备件保障率的计算结果相比, 实际维修等待时间缩短了11.5%, 库存备件资金降低了27.5%, 因此, 该模型是客观有效的, 可节约库存成本, 显著提高飞机的利用水平。     

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在社会剩余最大化情况下，城市道路网络中各个路段的拥挤费用等于相应的社会边际费用，道路拥挤收费可以抵消交通拥挤产生的外部不经济性，拥挤费用等于社会边际费用与用户边际费用的差额。通过拥挤收费使得社会剩余达到最大，同时导致用户剩余的损失，并衍生社会公平性问题。     

新型简易井口保护架在CFD2-1边际油田开发中的应用探讨

考虑到CFD2-1油田位于渤海西北部,属于油气储量不确定且油品物性未知的浅水边际油田,常规油田开发方式投资大、风险高,为此,借鉴海上风电基础结构形式提出一种新型油田开发模式,即采用新型简易井口保护架的结构形式,以降低油田开发风险及试采作业费用。该井口保护架具有结构简单、安装快捷、对施工资源要求较低、拆除简单方便等特点,提高了试采井口在边际油田开发中的应用效率,降低了油田前期试采开发投入。     

适用于“南海自安装试采平台”外输方案的比选研究

自安装试采平台是一种可移动且可重复利用的油田开发设施,主要用于边际小油气田的滚动开发,外输是整个设施不可缺少的一环。文章将根据该平台可移动、可搬迁等特点,结合边际油田的开发需求,对适用于自安装试采平台的外输方案进行分析研究。