Converting mixed pedestrian flows into equivalent commuters using standard pedestrian equivalent factors

This paper develops the concept of standard pedestrian equivalent (SPE) factors for converting a mixed pedestrian flow into an equivalent commuter flow. After a comprehensive review of passenger car equivalent (PCE) methodologies, the equal total travel time method is utilised for SPE estimation. A micro-simulation approach is employed for the formulation of the total travel time–flow relationship. Field data collected on walking speed distributions for commuters and older adults in Australia are used as model inputs. An independent samples t-test confirms the significant difference between walking speeds of commuters and older adults. For this paper, a unidirectional flow on flat walkways is initially considered and evaluated across proportions of older people, different flows and different walkway widths. The introduction of older adults significantly increases total travel time especially under congested conditions. Results of this investigation can be used for evaluation or design of pedestrian facilities experiencing similar flow conditions.     

A proposal for cost-related and market-oriented train running charges

This paper examines some key aspects of a charging system for promoting railway transport, including charges reflecting a clear relationship with costs (transparency) and charges reflecting the quality of the infrastructure manager's service. Train running charges recover track-related costs and can help to develop a charging system that meets these requirements. To orient train running charges to the market, a method for processing track maintenance and renewal costs is proposed whereby the quality of the service provided by an infrastructure is measured according to its utility to the railway undertaking. To achieve transparency, a single indicator is used for cost planning and the subsequent levying of costs on railway undertakings. The paper includes an example of how proposed train running charges would be calculated according to data from 14 European countries. The example shows that short-distance trains generate the lowest maintenance and renewal costs, followed by long-distance trains and freight trains.     

A railway capacity determination model and rail access charging methodologies

This article discusses approaches to the determination of railway capacity and the significance of the following factors on capacity: mix of trains, length and weight of trains, direction of train travel, acceleration and deceleration, stopping protocols of trains, location and length of crossing loops, location of signals, length of sections, dwell times and sectional running times. A more accurate method to calculate railway capacity is developed using previously unaddressed aspects for capacity determination. Capacity and pricing are two key issues for organizations involved with open track access regimes. A train access charging methodology is therefore developed and incorporated into a railway capacity determination model.     

雾天对驾驶行为的影响研究——避撞驾驶行为

考虑雾天环境下不良视距对驾驶行为的影响,基于驾驶模拟器为实验平台,通过对46名实验人员在不同雾天实验场景下的测试来分析雾天对驾驶人紧急避撞行为的影响.选取一组非平衡重复测量数据,以刹车瞬时速度和刹车反应时间为因变量,将性别、职业作为固定效应,雾天作为重复测量变量建立线形混合效应模型,并采用SPSS求解.结果表明,在无雾、轻雾与浓雾环境下,驾驶人的平均刹车反应时间分别是1.22,1.26,1.56s,而平均刹车瞬时速度分别为68.10,45.53,48.85 km/h.与无雾环境相比,驾驶人在有雾环境下的可视距离受到限制,刹车反应时间分别增加了0.04 s和0.34s,刹车瞬时速度分别减少了22.57 km/h和19.25 km/h.     

交叉口混合交通流高维多目标信号优化控制

为提高我国城市道路交叉口混合交通流智能信号控制的效率,提出一种基于高维多目标进化算法的交叉口混合交通流信号智能优化控制方法.首先,提出一种新的高维多目标进化算法GRMODE,设计了新的算法模型并改进了Pareto支配排序等多项关键技术;其次,设计了基于GRMODE算法的交叉口混合交通流高维多目标信号优化控制模型,提供5项控制目标最优的信号控制方案.在南京市交叉口信号控制中的仿真实验结果表明,基于GRMODE算法的控制模型能够使交叉口机动车平均延误、停车次数、通行能力、非机动车平均延误及行人等待时间等多项性能指标同时达到最优,提升交叉口智能信号控制效率.     

不同类型钢纤维增强混凝土力学性能研究

通过对普通钢纤维和超短超细钢纤维以及这两种钢纤维按一定比例混杂的钢纤维进行一系列试验,讨论了三种类型钢纤维对水泥混凝土的增强和增韧效果,分析了它们在混凝土中的增韧及混杂效应机理。结果表明,钢纤维混凝土试件在开裂后仍有一定的残余强度,超短超细钢纤维能更为有效地提高混凝土的抗压性能,混杂钢纤维能在较大程度上提高混凝土的韧性。     

现代化居住社区停车特性与需求分析

从停车高峰时段、停车周转率的角度对停车特性进行分析。基于停车共享理论,在既有研究的基础上对时间变化系数、区位影响系数进行优化;提出公交出行调节系数和土地利用系数;并引入权重指数对4个系数进行权重分配,建立横向混合用地的停车需求预测模型,为混合用地的停车需求预测提供参考。     

基于混合Logit的居住地和就业地选择行为模型

为了剖析城市居民在选择居住地和就业地时的决策机理,利用混合Logit模型建立了城市居住地选择模型和就业地选择模型.针对北京28个住宅小区进行了问卷调查,共发放2 520份问卷,回收1 994份有效问卷,利用调查数据对模型参数进行了估计.结果表明,＂出行距离＂是影响居民在进行居住地与就业地选址时的首要因素,除此之外,＂轨道站点数量＂是影响居住地选择的主要因素,＂出行成本＂则是影响就业地选择的主要因素.     

考虑油耗差异多车型混合车辆接力运输网络优化

提出了考虑耗油差异的多车型混合车辆接力运输网络优化设计,以接力点设置的合理布局和规划为基础,以两地点间的货流量为依据,以油耗差异多车型混合车辆的优化配置为手段,以总租用成本和总耗油量为目标函数,建立多目标线性整数规划模型.模型系统地将总租用成本和总耗油量最小化,总租用成本与租用的车型和租用的数量有关,总耗油量与使用的车辆的数量、车型,以及车辆行走的距离有关.针对此模型,设计了6组实验,结果显示总租用成本和总耗油量这两个目标函数成负相关关系;总租用成本减少7.8%需要增加7.6%总耗油量.通过实际算例验证了模型的实用性.