土木工程结构损伤识别研究

结构损伤识别是近年来国际上的研究热点。阐述了实施土木工程结构损伤识别的必要性,在综述近几年国内外有关结构损伤诊断研究进展的基础上,讨论了结构损伤检测中的两类方法,重点对损伤识别中的动力指纹法、模型修正法、神经网络法、遗传算法、小波分析法进行了分析和比较,最后阐述了结构损伤识别领域目前存在的主要问题和未来的发展方向。     

Carbody elastic vibrations of high-speed vehicles caused by bogie hunting instability

In particular locations of the high-speed track, the worn wheel profile matched up with the worn rail profile will lead to an extremely high-conicity wheel–rail contact. Consequently, the bogie hunting instability arises, which further results in the so-called carbody shaking phenomenon. In this paper, the carbody elastic vibrations of a high-speed vehicle in service are firstly introduced. Modal tests are conducted to identity the elastic modes of the carbody. The ride comfort and running safety indices for the tested vehicle are evaluated. The rigid–flexible coupling dynamic model for the high-speed passenger car is then developed by using the FE and MBS coupling approach. The rail profiles in those particular locations are measured and further integrated into the simulation model to reproduce the bogie hunting and carbody elastic vibrations. The effects of wheel and rail wear on the vehicle system response, e.g. wheelset bifurcation graph and carbody vibrations, are studied. Two improvement measures, including the wheel profile modification and rail grinding, are proposed to provide possible solutions. It is found that the wheel–rail contact conicity can be lowered by decreasing wheel flange thickness or grinding rail corner, which is expected to improve the bogie hunting stability under worn rail and worn wheel conditions. The carbody elastic vibrations caused by bogie hunting instability can be further restrained.     

基于动载试验的变截面桥梁静载试验结果预测方法研究

为了解决既有桥梁荷载试验成本高、对交通影响大以及容易对桥梁结构造成损伤等诸多问题,提出基于廉价安全的动载试验数据,利用响应面方法对既有桥梁的实际刚度进行智能分析预测,从而达到高精度预测既有桥梁静载试验结果的目的。为实现上述目标,选取典型连续变截面刚构桥作为研究对象,尝试将桥梁主梁变截面参数化,对桥梁关键设计参数进行敏感性分析,并且建立Kriging响应面模型,实现对有限元模型的高精度修正。研究结果表明:基于Kriging模型的有限元模型修正方法能够利用桥梁动载测试结果对初始设计参数进行修正,并进一步预测静载试验结果;该方法成本低廉,对交通影响小且安全性高,这将节省大量的桥梁静载试验费用,同时能够对桥梁的静力行为进行全方面有效的分析和预测。研究结果可为既有桥梁工程的管养维护决策提供新的思路。     

Discussing the “positive utilities” of autonomous vehicles: will travellers really use their time productively?

ABSTRACT

Autonomous vehicles (AVs) are expected to reshape travel behaviour and demand in part by enabling productive uses of travel time—a primary component of the “positive utility of travel” concept—thus reducing subjective values of travel time savings (VOT). Many studies from industry and academia have assumed significant increases in travel time use and reductions in VOT for AVs. In this position paper, I argue that AVs’ VOT impacts may be more modest than anticipated and derive from a different source. Vehicle designs and operations may limit activity engagement during travel, with AV users feeling more like car passengers than train riders. Furthermore, shared AVs may attenuate travel time use benefits, and productivity gains could be limited to long-distance trips. Although AV riders will likely have greater activity participation during travel, many in-vehicle activities today may be more about coping with commuting burdens than productively using travel time. Instead, VOT reductions may be more likely to arise from a different “positive utility”—subjective well-being improvements through reduced stresses of driving or the ability to relax and mentally transition. Given high uncertainty, further empirical research on the experiential, time use, and VOT impacts of AVs is needed.     

太旧高速公路护栏改造方案研究

依托太旧高速公路护栏改造工程,通过现场调查车辆组成、事故原因及护栏情况,进行路侧、中分带护栏改造研究。针对不同的路段,分别采用波形梁护栏和水泥混凝土护栏,并提出施工组织及交通管制措施。     

某型舰辅汽轮机转子汽封轴颈磨损改性修复及其摩擦磨损性能研究

采用超音速火焰喷涂技术和电镀技术分别在45#钢试件表面制备了WC-12Co涂层和硬铬镀层。利用环块磨损试验机测试WC-12Co涂层和硬铬镀层与炭精试块对磨时的室温摩擦磨损性能。并通过显微硬度计和金相显微镜观察分析磨损表面形貌。结果表明：WC-12Co涂层的综合性能指标明显高于硬铬镀层。将该技术用于修复汽轮机转子汽封轴颈表面,可极大提高汽轮机转子的技战术性能,降低维修频率,延长使用寿命。     

金属风暴武器技术发展综述

金属风暴武器技术是采用弹丸叠装技术和电子点火技术的新型发射技术,具有射速高、火力强大、极高的火力质量比等特点。本文较为全面地论述了金属风暴武器技术的原理、各个方面的发展及改装情况,包括发射药密封、多发射药、点火与不点火排除、现场装弹、大口径武器发射及普通榴弹与可叠装弹丸改装等专利技术。采用这些技术可以解决发射药的有效密封与低成本密封、弹丸初速度的提高与改变、可靠点火与低成本点火、现场再装弹、大口径武器发射及低成本改装等问题。     

汽车电路改装的安全隐患

从汽车线路改装设计、改装工艺、原材料选择、改装部位防护等方面,分析、论证了私改汽车线路的潜在失效模式,以及所造成的车辆安全隐患。     

阳极时效时间与电解质对Fe—31Mn—7Cr合金钝化膜的稳定性与耐腐蚀性能的影响

运用综合的电化学方法与原子吸收光谱技术，研究阳极时效时间及其电解液对Fe-31Mn-7Cr合金于50％HNO3或1molL^-1Na2SO4溶液中形成的钝化膜的稳定性与耐蚀性的影响。在阳极钝化电位中区，延长Fe-32Mn-7Cr合金在50％HNO3或1molL^-1Na2SO4水溶液中阳极时效时间能增加钝化膜的稳定性与防护性，随之进一步改善合金的耐腐蚀抗力。由1molL^-1Na2SO4水溶液中阳极极化曲线各参数所表征的Fe-31Mn-7Cr(经1molL^-1Na2SO4阳极时效5h后）的耐腐蚀性能接近于1Cr13不锈钢的水平。在强氧化性的50％HNO3溶液中阳极时效表面改性的效果明显优于在中性的1molL^-1Na2SO4溶液中改性。表面改性后，抗腐蚀性能的提高主要归因于钝化膜中Cr氧化物的富集与Fe和Mn氧化物的贫乏。     

Application of traffic microsimulation for evaluating safety performance of urban signalized intersections

The primary objective of this paper is to provide a statistical relationship between traffic conflicts estimated from microsimulation and observed crashes in order to evaluate safety performance, in particular the effect of countermeasures. A secondary objective is to assess the effect of conflict risk tolerance and number of simulation runs on the estimates of countermeasure effects so obtained. Conflicts were simulated for a sample of signalized intersections from Toronto, Canada, using VISSIM microscopic traffic simulation and several crash–conflict relationships were obtained. A separate sample of treated intersections from Toronto was used to compare countermeasure effects from the integrated crash–conflict expression to a conventional, but rigorous crash-based Empirical Bayes before-and-after analysis that was already done, with the results published, for the same sites and treatment. The countermeasure considered for this investigation involved changing the left turn signal operation for the treated intersection sample from permissive to protected-permissive. The results support the view that countermeasure effects can be estimated reliably from conflicts derived from microsimulation, and more so when a suitable number of simulation runs and conflict tolerance thresholds are used in the crash–conflict relationship.