关于城市征收交通拥堵费的可行性探讨

在分析拥堵收费的内涵基础上,分析征收交通拥堵费的可行性,提出征收交通拥堵费应该遵循公平性、效益性、易操作性和可接受性原则。指出在征收交通拥堵费时应该考虑4个方面的原则,即征收交通拥堵费的法律、法规依据;征收交通拥堵费的具体实施方案;交通拥堵费的分配与使用和公共交通系统是否发达。     

色彩在公共交通导向系统设计中的重要作用

色彩在城市公共交通导向系统设计中具有重要的作用。因此,进行公共交通导向系统设计时,必须充分考虑色彩成分,力求设计出一套完整的公共交通导向系统,使出行者通过导向系统的引导方便、顺畅地出行,促进城市发展。     

大型公共建筑的交通组织探讨

随着城市规模的扩大,涌现出越来越多的大型公共建筑。大型公共建筑对周边交通组织有较大影响,如组织不当,易引发多种交通问题。该文提出大型公共建筑的交通组织原则,对大型公共建筑进出口及平面布置等进行了探讨。     

公路建设项目环境管理的公众参与研究

公众参与作为公路建设项目环境管理中的重要手段,在促进交通运输行业可持续发展、提高公路建设管理水平方面发挥了极为重要的作用。通过分析公路建设项目环境管理中公众参与的现状,可发现我国公众参与环境管理存在的问题,进而提出新的公众参与模式,促进公路建设事业的可持续发展。     

Reducing car dependence in the heart of Europe: lessons from Germany,Austria, and Switzerland

Munich, Berlin, Hamburg, Vienna, and Zurich – the largest cities in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland – have significantly reduced the car share of trips over the past 25 years in spite of high motorisation rates. The key to their success has been a coordinated package of mutually reinforcing transport and land-use policies that have made car use slower, less convenient, and more costly, while increasing the safety, convenience, and feasibility of walking, cycling, and public transport. The mix of policies implemented in each city has been somewhat different. The German cities have done far more to promote cycling, while Zurich and Vienna offer more public transport service per capita at lower fares. All five of the cities have implemented roughly the same policies to promote walking, foster compact mixed-use development, and discourage car use. Of the car-restrictive policies, parking management has been by far the most important. The five case study cities demonstrate that it is possible to reduce car dependence even in affluent societies with high levels of car ownership and high expectations for quality of travel.     

Social welfare analysis of investment public–private partnership approaches for transportation projects

This paper has two objectives: (i) to introduce a new approach in order to gain widespread support for road pricing; and (ii) to develop a detailed social welfare analysis for road pricing schemes. We first describe our novel approach that stimulates public support for road pricing, which we refer to as an investment public–private partnership, or IP3. This approach returns a significant portion of the economic value created by road pricing back to the citizens who own the newly priced facility. We then present a social welfare framework that estimates the benefits and costs of using the IP3 approach on an urban transportation network. A P3 project’s impact on overall social welfare provides a more comprehensive evaluation criterion than the often-used Value for Money (VfM) analysis. Apart from several theoretical studies, a detailed social welfare analysis that includes all major P3 project stakeholders is absent from the literature. We use Fresno, California as our case study in order to conduct a welfare analysis on IP3s. Our results show that system-optimal tolling favors average users, but that government—and consequently taxpayers—should pay for costly tolling systems (negative profits). In contrast, unlimited profit-maximizing tolls raise substantial profits for government, for the infrastructure’s citizen-owners, and for the private sector, but the average user is worse off. From a social-welfare perspective, one should search for a Pareto improvement under which all major stakeholders are better off. Our estimates indicate that a mixed public and private tolling scheme offers such an improvement.     

城乡公交发展探讨

文章基于城乡公交发展的背景和特点,阐述了发展城乡公交的积极意义,分析了发展城乡公交存在的主要问题与成因,提出了发展城乡公交的建议,并论述了发展城乡公交进程的阶段性。     

Empirical analysis of transportation investment and economic development at state, county and municipality levels

Numerous studies have found positive correlation between transportation infrastructure investment and economic development. Basically these studies use a conventional production function model augmented by a public capital input, mainly highways, rail and other transportation facilities. While the range of the measured economic growth effects varies widely among studies, the positive elasticity between transportation investment and economic development is now commonly accepted. Still a major puzzling issue is that the magnitude of the measured effect seems to decline significantly as the econometric model is further refined, mainly with regard to space and time lags. That is, the use of national or state data produces elasticity results, which are much larger than when using county or municipality data. Similarly, when we introduce into the econometric model a lag between the times when the transportation investments are made and when the economic benefits transpire, the measured elasticities decline with the size of the lag. Thus, the main objective of this paper is to investigate these issues analytically and empirically and provide a plausible explanation. We do so by using alternative econometric models, applying them to a database, which is composed of longitudinal state, county and municipality observations from 1990 to 2000. The key result is that transportation investments produce strong spillover effects relative to space and time. Unless these factors are properly accounted for many reported empirical results are likely to be overly biased, with important policy implications.     

美国城市轨道交通公共安全敏感信息管控探析

城市轨道交通公共信息发布受到社会高度关注,发布信息是一件困难的任务。美国政府从信息保护和不能披露的角度发布公共安全敏感信息(SSI)管控的系列法规。从关于SSI立法和定义、管理、分类形式、识别和认定、使用和控制进行解析,并给出使用和管理SSI的示例。美国联邦政府通过立法确定公共交通的公共安全敏感信息,显示美国政府完善的法制建设过程,启示我国城市轨道交通行业应进行城市轨道交通信息安全保护立法。