A generic class of first order node models for dynamic macroscopic simulation of traffic flows

Node models for macroscopic simulation have attracted relatively little attention in the literature. Nevertheless, in dynamic network loading (DNL) models for congested road networks, node models are as important as the extensively studied link models. This paper provides an overview of macroscopic node models found in the literature, explaining both their contributions and shortcomings. A formulation defining a generic class of first order macroscopic node models is presented, satisfying a list of requirements necessary to produce node models with realistic, consistent results. Defining a specific node model instance of this class requires the specification of a supply constraint interaction rule and (optionally) node supply constraints. Following this theoretical discussion, specific macroscopic node model instances for unsignalized and signalized intersections are proposed. These models apply an oriented capacity proportional distribution of the available supply over the incoming links of a node. A computationally efficient algorithm to solve the node models exactly is included.     

Schedule-based transit assignment model with vehicle capacity and seat availability

In this paper, we propose a new schedule-based equilibrium transit assignment model that differentiates the discomfort level experienced by sitting and standing passengers. The notion of seat allocation has not been considered explicitly and analytically in previous schedule-based frameworks. The model assumes that passengers use strategies when traveling from their origin to their destination. When loading a vehicle, standing on-board passengers continuing to the next station have priority to get available seats and waiting passengers are loaded on a First-Come-First-Serve (FCFS) principle. The stimulus of a standing passenger to sit increases with his/her remaining journey length and time already spent on-board. When a vehicle is full, passengers unable to board must wait for the next vehicle to arrive. The equilibrium conditions can be stated as a variational inequality involving a vector-valued function of expected strategy costs. To find a solution, we adopt the method of successive averages (MSA) that generates strategies during each iteration by solving a dynamic program. Numerical results are also reported to show the effects of our model on the travel strategies and departure time choices of passengers.     

Frequency-based transit assignment considering seat capacities

This paper proposes a frequency-based assignment model that considers travellers probability of finding a seat in their perception of route cost and hence also their route choice. The model introduces a “fail-to-sit” probability at boarding points with travel costs based on the likelihood of travelling seated or standing. Priority rules are considered; in particular it is assumed that standing on-board passengers will occupy any available seats of alighting passengers before newly boarding passengers can fill any remaining seats. At the boarding point passengers are assumed to mingle, meaning that FIFO is not observed, as is the case for many crowded bus and metro stops, particularly in European countries. The route choice considers the common lines problem and an user equilibrium solution is sought through a Markov type network loading process and the method of successive averages. The model is first illustrated with a small example network before being applied to the inner zone of London’s underground network. The effect of different values passengers might attach to finding a seat are illustrated. Applications of the model for transit planning as well as for information provision at the journey planner stage are discussed.     

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在对区域交通一体化发展目标分解的基础上,从定性和定量两个角度建立了一套相对全面、适用可行的评价指标体系.考虑到目前区域交通一体化评价的相关统计数据不足,本文引入了模糊层次分析法确定评价指标权重,并考虑各分目标的不同重要程度提出了加权灰色欧几里德关联度评价模型,从而建立了基于FAHP赋权和加权灰色关联度定量评价的区域交通一体化组合评价方法.评价指标和方法的提出,弥补了现有研究的不足,实现了区域交通一体化的客观评价.实例分析表明,本文提出的组合评价方法相对于单一的评价方法更加科学严谨,具有较强的适用性和可操作性,为完善的区域交通一体化评价方法提供了理论参考.     

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在城市轨道交通的线路网络形成、实行一票换乘并伴随投资主体多元化时,需要建立公平公正的票务清分机制,本文提出一个基于乘客旅行实际时间分布计算各路径上乘客比例的新方法.根据交通卡中的进出站的时间记录,计算出在一段时间内在一对出入站之间完成旅行的所有乘客的时间分布,以这个分布为依据计算在这段时间里各路径上的乘客比例.采用数值模拟的方法在一对有两条有效路径的出入站间产生乘客旅行时间的数据,然后根据这些数据进行客流比例计算.结果表明,即使两条路径的运营时间差异很小也能实现较准确的比例划分,这种动态计算客流分布的方法能更准确地反映实际客流分布.     

补肾健脑方对血管性痴呆大鼠皮质和海马脑血流量及乙酰胆碱含量的影响

目的研究补肾健脑方对血管性痴呆(VD)大鼠学习记忆、局部脑血流量、乙酰胆碱(ACh)含量及CA1区神经元形态学改变的影响,探讨其治疗VD的可能机制。方法双侧颈总动脉永久结扎法(2-VO)制备大鼠慢性脑缺血致VD动物模型,造模完成后,随机分为6组。分别用蒸馏水、多奈哌齐混悬液以及不同浓度补肾健脑方灌胃,30 d后水迷宫实验测定大鼠学习记忆能力,放射性测量脑血流量,比色法测定ACh含量,HE染色观察神经元形态学改变。结果与模型组相比,补肾健脑方能提高VD大鼠的学习记忆能力,改善皮质和海马脑血流量,提高ACh含量,与多奈哌齐组相比未见统计学差异。结论补肾健脑方改善VD大鼠的学习记忆能力的作用机制可能是通过增加皮质和海马的脑血流量,增加皮质和海马ACh含量而发挥作用的。     

基于DEA 的山东省港口与区域经济的协调发展

在分析港口与区域经济互动发展的基础上,构建了基于DEA模型的港口城市经济和港口有效性的横向评价模型及随时间动态变化的港口与区域经济互动的纵向评价模型。横向评价结果表明:青岛属于港口和城市经济双有效城市;威海属于城市经济有效,港口无效型城市;烟台和日照则属于双无效城市;各港口发展程度各异,全省经济发展不平衡,存在着较大的地区差异。纵向评价结果表明:2000—2009年港口与区域经济未能实现系统双向有效协调。在此评价基础上,提出了促进山东省港口与区域经济协调发展的针对性战略举措。     

环保公共服务均等化评估与地区差距分析

本文试图建立环保公共服务均等化评价指标体系,对我国环保公共服务均等化的现状进行深入分析和研究,准确把握地区差距的结构性特征。研究发现,环保公共服务的不均等从整体上看主要是东部与中西部地区的明显差距,投入和资源的不均等最为突出。因此,中西部地区环保公共服务的严重滞后是影响环保公共服务均等化的重要因素。     

A path-based flow formulation for the traffic assignment problem

In order to improve cooperation between traffic management and travelers, traffic assignment is the key component to achieve the objectives of both traffic management and route choice decisions for travelers. Traffic assignment can be classified into two models based on the behavioral assumptions governing route choices: User Equilibrium (UE) and System Optimum (SO) traffic assignment. According to UE and SO traffic assignment, travelers usually compete to choose the least cost routes to minimize their own travel costs, while SO traffic assignment requires travelers to work cooperatively to minimize overall cost in the road network. Thus, the paradox of benefits between UE and SO indicates that both are not practical. Thus, a solution technique needs to be proposed to balance UE and SO models, which can compromise both sides and give more feasible traffic assignments. In this paper, Stackelberg game theory is introduced to the traffic assignment problem, which can achieve the trade-off process between traffic management and travelers. Since traditional traffic assignments have low convergence rates, the gradient projection algorithm is proposed to improve efficiency.     

基于图论的物流配送线路问题研究

以连锁企业城市配送中心辐射范围内的三级物流配送为研究问题,通过分析旅行商问题与哈密尔顿回路的对应性,在证明哈密尔顿回路存在性的基础上,应用图论优化方法获得满足最小费用流的哈密尔顿回路,从而求解城市配送系统范畴内的区域配送线路问题。通过实例分析,该方法在求解此类问题的可行性和优越性得到了验证。