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31.
32.
针对已有基于拓扑效率的地铁网络韧性指标无法反映地铁运营实际的不足,构建考虑线
路流量影响的路网服务效率指标和基于服务效率的路网服务韧性指标,以及基于路网服务效率
的节点重要度指标;提出以路网服务韧性最大化为目标的优化模型,并基于遗传算法求解模型获
得最优恢复策略。算例结果表明:分别以服务效率和拓扑效率作为路网性能指标,获得的失效节
点恢复次序明显不同;蓄意攻击下,最优恢复策略获得的路网服务韧性分别比基于重要度的优先
恢复策略、基于节点度的优先恢复策略和随机恢复策略高16.76%、72.11%和86.21%。上述结果
表明,必须根据地铁运营实际合理选择路网性能指标和恢复策略,否则可能得到次优甚至明显偏
离实际的方案,无法实现预期目标。 相似文献
33.
Locating emergency vehicles with an approximate queuing model and a meta-heuristic solution approach
In this paper, the location of emergency service (ES) vehicles is studied on fully connected networks. Queuing theory is utilized to obtain the performance metrics of the system. An approximate queuing model the (AQM) is proposed. For the AQM, different service rate formulations are constructed. These formulations are tested with a simulation study for different approximation levels. A mathematical model is proposed to minimize the mean response time of ES systems based on AQM. In the model, multiple vehicles are allowed at a single location. The objective function of the model has no closed form expression. A genetic algorithm is constructed to solve the model. With the help of the genetic algorithm, the effect of assigning multiple vehicles on the mean response time is reported. 相似文献
34.
Transportation research relies heavily on a variety of data. From sensors to surveys, data supports day-to-day operations as well as long-term planning and decision-making. The challenges that arise due to the volume and variety of data that are found in transportation research can be effectively addressed by ontologies. This opportunity has already been recognized – there are a number of existing transportation ontologies, however the relationship between them is unclear. The goal of this work is to provide an overview of the opportunities for ontologies in transportation research and operation, and to present a survey of existing transportation ontologies to serve two purposes: (1) to provide a resource for the transportation research community to aid in understanding (and potentially selecting between) existing transportation ontologies; and (2) to identify future work for the development of transportation ontologies, by identifying areas that may be lacking. 相似文献
35.
A smart design of transport systems involves efficient use and allocation of the limited urban road capacity in the multimodal environment. This paper intends to understand the system-wide effect of dividing the road space to the private and public transport modes and how the public transport service provider responds to the space changes. To this end, the bimodal dynamic user equilibrium is formulated for separated road space. The Macroscopic Fundamental Diagram (MFD) model is employed to depict the dynamics of the automobile traffic for its state-dependent feature, its inclusion of hypercongestion, and its advantage of capturing network topology. The delay of a bus trip depends on the running speed which is in turn affected by bus lane capacity and ridership. Within the proposed bimodal framework, the steady-state equilibrium traffic characteristics and the optimal bus fare and service frequency are analytically derived. The counter-intuitive properties of traffic condition, modal split, and behavior of bus operator in the hypercongestion are identified. To understand the interaction between the transport authority (for system benefit maximization) and the bus operator (for its own benefit maximization), we examine how the bus operator responds to space changes and how the system benefit is influenced with the road space allocation. With responsive bus service, the condition, under which expanding bus lane capacity is beneficial to the system as a whole, has been analytically established. Then the model is applied to the dynamic framework where the space allocation changes with varying demand and demand-responsive bus service. We compare the optimal bus services under different economic objectives, evaluate the system performance of the bimodal network, and explore the dynamic space allocation strategy for the sake of social welfare maximization. 相似文献
36.
Congestion charging is being considered as a potential measure to address the issue of substantially increased traffic congestion and vehicle emissions in Beijing. This study assessed the impact of congestion charging on traffic and emissions in Beijing using macroscopic traffic simulation and vehicle emissions calculation. Multiple testing scenarios were developed with assumptions in different charging zone sizes, public transit service levels and charging methods. Our analysis results showed that congestion charging in Beijing may increase public transit use by approximately 13%, potentially reduce CO and HC emissions by 60–70%, and reduce NOx emissions by 35–45% within the charging zone. However, congestion charging may also result in increased travel activities and emissions outside of the charging zone and a slight increase in emissions for the entire urban area. The size of charging zone, charging method, and charging rate are key factors that directly influence the impact of congestion charging; improved public transit service needs to be considered as a complementary approach with congestion charging. This study is used by Beijing Transportation Environment and Energy Center (BTEC) as reference to support the development of Beijing’s congestion charging policy and regulation. 相似文献
37.
To curb emissions, containerized shipping lines face the traditional trade-off between cost and emissions (CO2 and SOx) reduction. This paper considers this element in the context of liner service design and proposes a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) model based on a multi-commodity pickup and delivery arc-flow formulation. The objective is to maximize the profit by selecting the ports to be visited, the sequence of port visit, the cargo flows between ports, as well as the number/operating speeds of vessels on each arc of the selected route. The problem also considers that Emission Control Areas (ECAs) exist in the liner network and accounts for the vessel carrying capacity. In addition to using the MILP solver of CPLEX, we develop in the paper a specific genetic algorithm (GA) based heuristic and show that it gives the possibility to reach an optimal solution when solving large size instances. 相似文献
38.
Walking is an imperative travel mode, especially for short trips. Walking accessibility, which is defined as the ease of reaching essential destinations in the walk-in catchment area, may affect property prices because residents are more likely to be willing to pay for this attribute. In addition, different categories of public services may have varied influencing directions and magnitude. These two hypotheses are tested in this study. Taking Xiamen, China as a case study, we estimate the cumulative opportunities of public services on foot and develop a set of hedonic pricing models (more specifically, two pre-specified ordinary least squares models, four Box-Cox transformed models, and two spatial econometric models) to estimate, whether and to what extent, walking accessibility contributes to price premiums (or discounts). Using a database of 22,586 second-hand residential properties in 358 multi- or high-storey residential complexes, we find that (1) walking accessibility to public services contributes to the variations in housing prices and plays a role in determining housing prices; (2) different categories of services have vastly divergent, even opposite, influencing impacts; and (3) walking accessibility to primary schools, commercial centers, and sports and cultural centers have positive effects on house prices whereas walking accessibility to comprehensive hospitals adversely affects housing prices. Methodologically, we confirm that spatial econometric methods improve estimation accuracy and have more explanatory power relative to the standard non-spatial models. Robustness check analysis further guarantees the plausibility of this study. 相似文献
39.
王韶芳 《广东交通职业技术学院学报》2009,8(1):100-103
隐喻不仅是一种修辞手段,而且是一种思维方式,是人们的认识、思维、经历、甚至行为的基础,要学好一种语言,了解、正确理解与文化相关的隐喻是非常重要的。文中从语义理解入手.对英汉隐喻的跨文化差异从文化根源差异和英汉隐喻关系差异进行深入比较,有助于读者更好地学习英语隐喻,培养地道英语的思维习惯,提高理解和表达英语的能力。 相似文献
40.
POC语音调度系统在朔黄铁路运营生产中发挥了重要作用,本文为朔黄POC语音调度系统设计了一种语音服务质量评价指标体系,并详细描述了各指标的计算公式和测试方法,为朔黄铁路LTE系统服务质量检测评价提供指导和支撑。 相似文献