新冠疫情影响下居民共享出行方式选择行为研究

为分析新冠疫情对共享出行方式选择行为的影响，针对传统出行、网约车、合乘、汽车分时租赁及共享自行车的多方式交通系统设计SP(Stated Preference)问卷；对于疫情前和疫情期间的出行方式选择分别构建基于面板数据的混合Logit模型，比较解释变量的影响差异，分析感知疫情严重程度和方式选择惯性的联合影响；基于弹性分析预测疫情背景下不同管控政策对应的出行方式分担率。结果表明：感知疫情严重程度对合乘和分时租赁影响显著，方式选择惯性对网约车、分时租赁及共享自行车影响显著；当感知疫情严重程度降低至30%~50%时，1.6~3.0倍的停车费调整策略可将私家车分担率降低至疫情前，此时，低密接的分时租赁具有主要替代作用；当感知疫情严重程度在60%以上时，提高合乘出行安全程度至1.4~3.6倍可恢复其分担率。     

The station-free sharing bike demand forecasting with a deep learning approach and large-scale datasets

The station-free sharing bike is a new sharing traffic mode that has been deployed in a large scale in China in the early 2017. Without docking stations, this system allows the sharing bike to be parked in any proper places. This study aimed to develop a dynamic demand forecasting model for station-free bike sharing using the deep learning approach. The spatial and temporal analyses were first conducted to investigate the mobility pattern of the station-free bike sharing. The result indicates the imbalanced spatial and temporal demand of bike sharing trips. The long short-term memory neural networks (LSTM NNs) were then developed to predict the bike sharing trip production and attraction at TAZ for different time intervals, including the 10-min, 15-min, 20-min and 30-min intervals. The validation results suggested that the developed LSTM NNs have reasonable good prediction accuracy in trip productions and attractions for different time intervals. The statistical models and recently developed machine learning methods were also developed to benchmark the LSTM NN. The comparison results suggested that the LSTM NNs provide better prediction accuracy than both conventional statistical models and advanced machine learning methods for different time intervals. The developed LSTM NNs can be used to predict the gap between the inflow and outflow of the sharing bike trips at a TAZ, which provide useful information for rebalancing the sharing bike in the system.     

可控性低强度回填材料性能研究

可控性低强度材料(CLSM)是一种替代级配型传统回填材料,并具有低强度、自流平、自我填充与自密实特性,在欧美地区得到广泛应用。文章对一种典型的以水泥、粉煤灰和水为主要原材料的CLSM工程特性进行研究,分析其流动性能及力学性能受材料组成、龄期等因素影响下的变化发展规律。用水率与水泥掺量是影响其强度的两个主要因素,流动性主要受用水量的控制,受水泥掺量影响并不显著。     

浮置板轨道竖向振动能量传递分析

从减振降噪的角度讲,应尽量减少输入到结构的振动能量,本文根据浮置板轨道结构的特点,从能量角度出发,根据振动分析中的功率流理论,分析推导了浮置板轨道传递到基础的振动功率流,并就该轨道结构影响振动能量传递特性的参数进行了分析计算。     

水下航行体自由面兴波时域分析

求解格林公式,在边界面上分布源汇,用数值解法在时域中模拟潜体近水面运动的三维兴波现象,通过试算确定了模型参数,并进一步讨论了潜体运动速度及其浸深对波形的影响,数值试验证实了用该方法来建立三维数值波浪水池的可行性和可靠性。     

Labour market effects in assessing the costs and benefits of road pricing

Traffic congestion and the policies used to combat it have been studied extensively. One area which has received less attention is the secondary impacts of such policies. This paper uses a micro-simulation framework to study the effect on labour markets of road pricing. The key benefit of our chosen methodology is that it allows a simultaneous consideration of both commuting and migration decisions. We show that while welfare gains can be achieved through optimal charging, this may come at the price of decreased integration. This may manifest through either greater centralisation tendencies in population, or through unemployment disparities between regions.     

A new active variable stiffness suspension system using a nonlinear energy sink-based controller

This paper presents the active case of a variable stiffness suspension system. The central concept is based on a recently designed variable stiffness mechanism which consists of a horizontal control strut and a vertical strut. The horizontal strut is used to vary the load transfer ratio by actively controlling the location of the point of attachment of the vertical strut to the car body. The control algorithm, effected by a hydraulic actuator, uses the concept of nonlinear energy sink (NES) to effectively transfer the vibrational energy in the sprung mass to a control mass, thereby reducing the transfer of energy from road disturbance to the car body at a relatively lower cost compared to the traditional active suspension using the skyhook concept. The analyses and simulation results show that a better performance can be achieved by subjecting the point of attachment of a suspension system, to the chassis, to the influence of a horizontal NES system.     

迁居对家庭日常活动—出行行为交互机理的影响

居住地是家庭成员日常活动的主要起讫点,迁居会导致家庭日常生活空间重组,进而成为影响成员活动安排和出行模式的关键因素.本文以迁居家庭为研究对象,分别从个体和家庭两个层面分析迁居前后日常活动—出行行为的调整变化,以揭示家庭成员间的交互模式及其内在机理.研究表明:迁居对成员活动—出行行为的影响首先体现在通勤模式调整上,其次是在家务分担上.具体来说,当两个成员均受到职住错位影响时,双方在家务活动安排上交互强烈,家庭内部会通过替代或互助等互动模式来平衡通勤活动所受到的时空制约;当只有一方受到职住错位制约时,双方交互程度进一步降低,家务活动安排上表现出显著性别差异,男方较容易受通勤活动的影响而放弃承担家务活动;当双方均处于职住邻近状态时,双方交互程度最弱,家务活动常采用陪伴或联合等协作方式来完成.     

Parking management for promoting sustainable transport in urban neighbourhoods. A review of existing policies and challenges from a German perspective

ABSTRACT

The organisation of parking is a key challenge to more sustainable mobility in urban areas, as its pricing and availability affect the rates of private car ownership and use. However, changing parking policies is a challenging issue for local politicians and planners because residents frequently oppose changes or restrictions to conditions they have taken for granted such as on-street parking in a public space. The aim of this paper is firstly to assess how the parking policy of an urban neighbourhood can be structured to contribute to more sustainable mobility and to increase liveability in the neighbourhood. The second aim is to apply the policies reviewed to an example neighbourhood. For this purpose, we systematically reviewed academic literature and identified five types of relevant parking policies: (i) maximum parking requirements, (ii) physical detachment of residence and parking space, (iii) residential parking permits and the limitation of available parking space, (iv) performance-based pricing and (v) parking as a demand management strategy. We discovered that most research focuses on econometric models about parking and that studies rarely address the effects of parking on the quality of life in neighbourhoods. Therefore, we need further research regarding the relationship of parking and liveability. We conclude that for the implementation of such parking policies in an example neighbourhood, the municipality needs to develop a mobility vision for its city. It has to understand parking as a tool for transportation demand management to increase the acceptance of parking policy concepts and to avoid spillover problems. Finally, in the German case, as in most other countries, states and municipalities need to redesign their legal frameworks to be able to manage parking supply better and to react to changes related to digital developments and parking. The findings have implications for other European neighbourhoods regarding the transfer from research to local circumstances and applications for the whole city.     

Transaction costs and tradable mobility credits

Artificial markets for mobility credits have been proposed as an alternative to conventional congestion pricing schemes. This paper examines the effects of transaction costs on two types of markets: an auction market and a negotiated market. In an auction market, users purchase all of the needed mobility credits through a competitive bidding process. In a negotiated market, the users initially receive certain amount of mobility credits from the government and trade with each other through negotiation to fulfill their needs. We assume that a brokerage service is built in both markets to facilitate transactions and accordingly, the users have to pay a commission fee proportional to the value of trade. The users are also given the option to purchase credits from the government if for some reasons they cannot use or wish to avoid the markets. Our analyses suggest that the auction market can achieve the desired equilibrium allocation of mobility credits as long as the government sets its price properly and the unit transaction cost is lower than the price that the market would reach in absence of transaction costs. However, in the negotiated market, transaction costs could divert the system from the desired equilibrium regardless of their magnitude. More importantly, the initial allocation of mobility credits may affect the final equilibrium even when marginal transaction costs are constant.