Accessibility and transport infrastructure improvement assessment: The role of borders and multilateral resistance

The market potential indicator is a commonly used tool in transport planning for evaluating the potential economic effects derived from improvements in transport infrastructures. The general assumption is that exports from a given region will rise with increased accessibility, thus benefiting economic activities. However, the specification of the market potential model is typically very simple and ignores both the impact of competing rivals and the role of international borders, which leads to unrealistic results. Spatial interaction models on bilateral trade have already proved that international trade is affected by multilateral resistance, borders, adjacency, language or currency. Nevertheless, apart from some recent analyses that simply calibrate the distance decay parameter from trade datasets, these variables have hardly been integrated into research on market potential. This paper sets out to demonstrate that more realistic results are obtained by calibrating the distance-decay parameter and introducing the impact of competing rivals and border effects into the market potential formulation. The proposed model is then applied to the assessment of the accessibility impacts of new road transport infrastructure in the European Union between 2001 and 2012, which shows that the greatest improvements in accessibility were experienced by peripheral countries with high road infrastructure investment.     

Evolving competition between Hong Kong and Shenzhen ports

Shenzhen Port (SZP), once a negligible local port, has risen dramatically to a world-leading container port and an “equal” player with Hong Kong Port (HKP). Will this market share reallocation continue, or will equilibrium be eventually realized for HKP to prosper continuously? We examine the relationship between these two ports to answer this question. We propose a new transformation method to describe the growth of container cargo transport demand, define the quantitative measures of the competition relationship and port competitiveness, and present a rigorous analytical framework with econometric tests and models to understand the true relationship between HKP and SZP. Direct empirical tests suggest that SZP complements HKP; however, the two ports exhibit strong competition when the effect of demand growth is excluded. Considering transshipment separately, we find that the impact of SZP on HKP is negative in transshipment but complementary in direct shipment. We may conclude that HKP does not affect SZP, whereas SZP has competitive power over HKP. These results are consistent with the findings of some previous theoretical studies.     

整体式桥台的箱梁剪滞效应分析

针对整体式桥台的箱梁固有的力学特性,建立有限元模型,对其在不同荷载作用下剪滞系数的横向和纵向分布规律进行研究,并将结果与普通简支箱梁进行比较。通过有机玻璃模型试验验证了有限元建模分析的可行性、准确性,同时作了参数分析,提出了可供工程设计参考的实用剪滞系数计算表。分析结果表明:该类箱梁剪滞分布与普通简支箱梁的不同主要在于桥台附近截面出现了负剪滞现象;整体式桥台的纵向抗弯刚度、主梁宽跨比、宽高比及不同荷载形式等是影响该类桥梁剪滞系数的主要因素。     

水位下降对边(滑)坡稳定性的影响

通过PLAXIS有限元程序对一边坡算例进行分析,根据实际工程的需要选择理想弹塑性模型和莫尔-库仑屈服准则进行数值模拟,并对比分析了土体分别设置为排水条件和不排水条件时的情况。计算结果表明,当土体设置为排水条件时,在库水水位下降过程中,安全系数随水位的下降逐渐减小,但当水位下降了20 m以后,由于孔隙水压力给滑面提供了竖直方向的作用力,随着水位的继续下降安全系数反而略有上升。当土体设置为不排水条件时,坡体内产生的超孔隙水压力对边坡安全系数的降低更为明显。考虑坡体内超孔隙水压力时安全系数的计算结果比不考虑坡体内超孔隙水压力时的计算结果低10%左右,因此实际工程中应该充分考虑超孔隙水压力的积累和消散,并根据"最不利水位"所对应的安全系数进行校核。在计算过程中PLAXIS程序能较好地模拟水位下降引起的渗流作用对边(滑)坡稳定性的影响。     

斜拉桥箱形主梁尺寸的优化分析

针对斜拉桥中采用的双箱式主梁,改变斜拉桥箱形主梁的底板厚度、斜腹板厚度以及斜腹板倾斜角度,利用结构有限元分析程序ANSYS,对不同情况下的箱形主梁建立了有限元模型。考虑到梁段以外附近区域的作用,在其两端截面上施加了由平面杆系结构分析所得的端面内力,另外,索力和预加力(梁纵向、横隔梁横向、斜腹板竖向)也施加在相应的位置,分析了不同工况下箱形主梁在自重、索力和预应力作用下的空间应力效应。给出了斜拉桥箱形主梁的底板厚度、斜腹板厚度及斜腹板倾斜角度的合理化建议。分析表明:当底板厚度为30 cm左右,斜腹板厚度为30cm左右,斜腹板倾斜角度为150°~152°时,主梁的应力分布比较合理。     

桥梁结构地震碰撞效应及防落梁措施研究现状

介绍了桥梁结构地震碰撞效应及防落梁措施方面的一些近期进展。在介绍了接触碰撞问题的计算理论及分析方法的基础上,对地震作用下相邻桥梁结构间碰撞效应的理论以及试验研究进展进行了回顾和总结;并针对地震中桥梁上部结构发生落梁的问题,介绍了减轻相邻梁体间碰撞的措施、桥梁伸缩缝处的支承宽度、纵向限位器的设计方法、横向抗震挡块的设计方法等研究方面的进展,分析了各国抗震设计规范对桥梁伸缩缝处支承宽度的规定,同时指出目前我国在这方面研究的欠缺。     

基于能量变分原理的薄壁箱梁自振特性分析

以能量变分原理为基础,综合考虑剪力滞后效应、剪切变形和转动惯量的影响,推导出箱形截面梁的控制微分方程和相应的自然边界条件,据此获得几种常用边界条件(简支、悬臂、连续、两端固支)的固有频率方程,提出一种能对工程中常用矩形薄壁箱梁自振特性进行分析的方法。通过算例将解析解与板壳有限元结果进行了比较,证明了该方法的有效性,所得公式比以往剪滞理论有一定发展,且为箱形梁桥动力特性的进一步研究奠定了理论基础。     

压力分散型预应力锚索对边坡危岩体的加固效应分析

以宜(宾)-水(富)路K120 125剖面所在地段的边坡危岩体为研究对象,建立了压力分散型锚索三维非线性有限元计算模型,通过对加固前后危岩体的应力、位移及安全系数进行对比,揭示了坡面结构体-预应力锚索-岩质边坡相互作用效应,为类似边坡岩体工程危岩段预应力锚索布置提供了科学依据和指导意义。     

桥梁有限元软件中实现荷载效应分项的方法

为完成新公路桥规的各项检算,需在计算软件中把荷载效应进行分项,把恒载分为自重、预应力的一次力(主效应)和二次力(次效应)、收缩徐变效应。完成此项工作需要解决2个关键问题,其一是拆除临时单元或约束要按照内力分项分批完成;其二是为了能准确计算预应力的主效应,需计算出预应力的永存有效应力。通过算例说明上述问题的解决方法。     

绥芬河斜拉桥转体施工温度影响分析

绥芬河斜拉桥是我国采用水平转体施工长度最长的斜拉桥,文中以绥芬河斜拉桥转体施工过程为背景,在斜拉桥转体施工前后分别进行24 h温度效应观测的基础上,首先运用最小二乘法对斜拉桥主梁和索塔温差公式中的参数及相关材料的线膨胀系数进行了识别,然后运用有限元方法对本桥转体施工前后温度效应进行了理论计算。比较理论计算结果与实测资料,分析温度效应对平面转体施工斜拉桥的影响,提出斜拉桥转体施工会因日照方位的变化引起结构的不对称偏位,相对活动转盘中心产生温度不稳定力矩,使结构整体发生倾斜。