共享单车出行空间异质性特征及驱动因素研究

为实现基于轨迹数据挖掘的共享单车出行空间异质性特征及其驱动因素评估,本文应用核密度分析和热点探测,获取采样分析区域并以热力值表征共享单车出行发生量,减少尺度效应的干扰;引入空间统计学的半变异函数模拟共享单车出行发生量的结构性和随机性变化规律,挖掘空间异质性特征,确定邻域效应的尺度范围;利用空间序列的斜率表征变化趋势,同时,结合改进的空间滞后和残差模型,区分土地利用、邻域效应和其他建成环境各自对共享单车出行空间异质性特征的驱动力。以北京市为案例进行分析,结果表明：北京市的共享单车出行存在中等的、正的空间自相关性,空间异质性特征的最佳拟合模型为指数模型;空间自相关性的衰减半径为1860 m,大于此距离时邻域效应消失;建成环境对空间异质性特征的相对驱动力最大,邻域效应对其的相对驱动力则处于中间水平,而土地利用对其的相对驱动力最小。     

基于速度变化的偶发性交通拥堵时空分布特性研究

交通事故的发生会引起其上游路段通行速度的下降和交通流量的堆积,从而引发交通拥堵.本文主要研究了城市道路中交通事故引起的交通拥堵的时空分布特征.首先,基于北京市事故数据和路段速度数据分析交通事故影响下的车辆速度变化特性;接着,根据交通事故信息和事故路段流量与速度数据,建立了一种基于速度差异的拥堵判定模型,并对其时空维度的约束条件加以限定.在此基础上对事故引发的拥堵时空范围进行量化描述;最后,依托仿真数据与北京市真实事故数据进行效果验证.结果表明,该方法可以有效地描述交通事故引起的拥堵时空分布特性.     

空间缆索悬索桥主鞍座结构设计与分析

以南京江心洲大桥为工程背景,对空间缆索自锚式悬索桥主鞍座的相关问题进行研究.以大型通用有限元程序为平台,采用二次开发技术,建立精细化有限元模型,在此基础上采用合理的加载模式对其进行空间受力分析,并阐述与空间主鞍座相匹配的主缆切点简化修正方法.结果表明:空间主缆在成桥状态对主鞍座横向力的作用会造成鞍槽外侧壁应力大于内侧壁的应力;主缆横向体积力会对主鞍座压紧装置和鞍体产生梯度分布的竖向挤压力;自锚式悬索桥体系转换过程中缆索的几何非线性效应显著,体现在空缆到成桥状态主缆与主鞍座空间切点位置会有较大的变化.     

交通违法事故时空分布特征及其影响因素——以广州市为例

为了深入研究我国城市交通事故的时空分布特征及其影响因素,通过对 2010年广州市交通事故原始数据的处理与分析,结合 GIS技术及系统聚类法,本文从道路特征,基础设施情况,以及白天和工作日交通事故比例等方面进行实证分析影响城市交通违法事故的风险因素;并在此基础上,结合广州市未来发展规划提出相关政策建议.结果表明：中心城区交通违法事故密集度最高,呈点状密集分布;交通违法事故的道路分布特征为干道多,支路少;上下班高峰时段,交通违法事故分布存在明显区别;从 9个交通违法事故高发区域归纳出 3大类区域,道路复杂、人多车多的商业地区,高速公路沿线和高架桥附近区域,以及设施齐全、出行方便的市中心.     

因应气候变迁趋势下云端智慧空间决策支援系统探讨

全球暖化的威胁程度日趋严重,世界各地纷传环境灾害事件,依据英国政府2006年公布的《史登报告》（SternReview）,指出：．全球暖化的破坏力很可能使全球经济萎缩20%,全球只要增温2℃,经济生产将会减少3％,每排放1t二氧化碳,就会造成至少85美元的损失,而未来10年全球经济则可能因气候暖化付出7兆美元的代价j。为因应气候变迁,减缓（mitigation）与调适（adaptation）对策是二大策略方向;因此文中针对节能与灾害应变两顼气候调适决策支援为主题,讨论智慧型运输系统（intelligenttransportationsystems,ITS）的节能减碳效果与灾害防救系统的GIS决策支援。     

中国公路自然区划GIS研究

公路自然区划的主要任务是揭示公路工程自然环境的区域分异规律,为公路建设决策提供科学依据。中国公路自然区划GIS(HR-GIS)的研究则可解决区划指标定量化的关键问题。根据公路自然区划的类型体系和研究方法,研究了HR-GIS集成方法和总体框架;提出了空间数据库集成开发框架,实现了对海量数据的有效管理;提出了适合区划研究的空间数据挖掘方法,完成了区划环境参数的定量计算;基于ArcGIS Engine技术开发完成了中国公路自然区划GIS,实现了空间分析、区划信息查询等功能。     

凸包内空间散乱点集Delaunay四面体角度剖分算法

提出空间散乱点集Delaunay四面体剖分的一种新算法,定义了一个新的Delaunay四面体判定标准即最大球缺角,并在Fortran平台上实现了这种算法,验证算法的准确性和高效性,对于解决空间De-launay四面体剖分来说是一个新的计算思路。将Delaunay四面体的判定改进为量化的判定,这样的判定方法相对以前的方法更容易、更快捷。     

The Role of Spatial Data Management Strategies in ICZM in Ireland

This article explores how a fresh approach to integrated coastal zone management (ICZM) in Ireland might be forged through the identification of a number of key innovative cross-sectoral professional initiatives and interdisciplinary academic thinking in this sector. It includes three interlinked research themes that assess existing cross-sectoral data management issues (to include an assessment of readiness for the INSPIRE and compliance with the Re-use of Public Sector Information European Union Directives), the degree of cross-pollination between the various sectors involved in managing the Irish Coastal Zone (to identify the need (or otherwise) for capacity- building to encourage cross-fertilization of ideas, skills, and knowledge exchange), and cross-professional competencies (to assess the desire/need (if any) for those working in coastal zone management to add to their existing competencies through continuous professional development or lifelong learning opportunities). Indeed, the specific competencies for coastal practitioners are identified here and these further illustrate the need for professional recognition of the role, responsibilities, and therefore the requirement for an appropriately qualified “Coastal Manager” professional, one that is seen not merely as a nicety but rather a necessity—a core enabler in any future innovative and integrative management approach.     

Tracks to Change or Mixed Signals? A Review of the Anglo-Saxon Literature on the Economic and Spatial Impacts of High-Speed Rail

ABSTRACT

The economic development and spatial impacts of high-speed rail (HSR) are quite varied and mixed. Studies of economic impacts of HSR fall into two categories: predictions and empirical observations. We first review studies that examine predicted HSR impacts related to job growth, real estate development, and other economic effects. These are followed by studies examining observed effects of realized projects using the same categories. Several patterns emerge. Predictive studies are largely optimistic of the rail's positive effects. On the other hand, observational studies tend to identify both benefits and shortfalls. Yet, neither of these patterns are universal and depend on a number of other factors. One consistent pattern is that gains associated with HSR appear to be stronger in first-tier cities. Nevertheless, certain small towns and second-tier cities have undergone noteworthy transformations as a result of HSR, especially where the public sector has actively pursued new investment.     

An examination of the differential impact of highway capital investment on economically disparate Appalachian counties in the USA

Abstract

The economic performance of Appalachian counties in the USA varies substantially across the region. The Appalachian Regional Commission has divided the 410 counties into four major categories: distressed, transitional, competitive, and attainment. This paper applies spatial models that account for spatial interdependence to evaluate the impact of Appalachian highways on economically disparate counties. Using a spatial autoregressive model in a production function framework, it is found that distressed counties gain from highways whereas competitive counties actually suffer from a negative backwash effect that tends to draw productive activity away from these counties into neighboring counties.