船用EH36高强钢无缝药芯焊丝焊接接头组织和冲击韧性研究

本文以SRSF501无缝药芯焊丝在船用EH36高强钢中的焊接应用为目的,研究了国产无缝药芯焊丝SRSF501在船用EH36高强钢焊接中的组织和冲击韧性。通过试验表明：SRSF501焊接EH36钢接头各区域的冲击性能均满足船级社要求;多层多道焊时,焊缝组织由粗大的柱状组织和细小的等轴晶组织组成,底层焊缝和末道焊缝柱状晶区域较大;盖面层两侧接头热影响区存在粗晶区,其它位置接头的热影响区不存在粗晶区;焊接接头中熔合线外2mm处,晶粒最细,冲击韧性最好。     

舰艇典型分段焊接工艺仿真及其变形规律分析

针对舰艇分段结构采用不同的装焊工艺顺序,会出现不同的焊接变形的问题,以某舰艇256#分段焊接的整体最小变形量为目标,基于热弹塑性和固有应变理论,对该分段焊接常用的六种不同焊接工艺顺序,采用ABAQUS有限元软件进行焊接变形数值仿真;对比六种不同的方案计算结果表明,舰艇分段焊接采用C方案以矩形块为单位,由中间向两端对称焊接、从船中向两舷焊接横向和纵向构件的工艺顺序,该分段整体变形量为最小,为最优焊接工艺顺序方案。     

燃气向心透平的非定常流动特性研究

以燃气为工质的向心透平常用于微型燃气轮机系统中,有着重要的工程应用价值。本研究关注燃气向心透平的非定常流动特性,基于一台功率等级为1MW,转速为30000rpm的燃气向心透平,首先进行了热力设计,得到了其关键位置的燃气工质热力参数及透平的模型尺寸。其次基于三维粘性数值模拟计算的方法,采用SST k-ω湍流模型及六面体结构化网格在商用软件CFX中对燃气向心透平进行了定常与非定常气动计算,详细分析了其气动特性及非定常流动状况。最终,分析了这一燃气向心透平的非定常气流激振力在时域及频域分布,并准确评估了其流量、扭矩、功率及效率等关键参数。     

喷孔位置对船用天然气发动机燃烧及排放影响的模拟研究

为了探究天然气与柴油喷孔位置对天然气发动机燃烧和排放的影响,基于L23/30天然气发动机,建立了柴油引燃天然气的发动机模型,利用CONVERGE软件对燃烧过程和排放进行模拟分析。模拟结果表明：由于天然气与柴油喷孔位置变化的影响,会导致柴油引燃天然气在空间的变化,因此对发动机的燃烧和排放造成了影响,通过对比不同喷嘴间的距离和不同喷嘴分布的设计方案得出,采用中心对称设计时获得了较好的燃烧和排放性能。     

Benefit of speed reduction for ships in different weather conditions

Currently, the shipping industry is facing a great challenge of reducing emissions. Reducing ship speeds will reduce the emissions in the immediate future with no additional infrastructure. However, a detailed investigation is required to verify the claim that a 10% speed reduction would lead to 19% fuel savings (Faber et al., 2012).This paper investigates fuel savings due to speed reduction using detailed modeling of ship performance. Three container ships, two bulk carriers, and one tanker, representative of the shipping fleet, have been designed. Voyages have been simulated by modeling calm water resistance, wave resistance, propulsion efficiency, and engine limits. Six ships have been simulated in various weather conditions at different speeds. Potential fuel savings have been estimated for a range of speed reductions in realistic weather.It is concluded that the common assumption of cubic speed-power relation can cause a significant error in the estimation of bunker consumption. Simulations in different seasons have revealed that fuel savings due to speed reduction are highly weather dependent. Therefore, a simple way to include the effect of weather in shipping transport models has been proposed.Speed reduction can lead to an increase in the number of ships to fulfill the transport demand. Therefore, the emission reduction potential of speed reduction strategy, after accounting for the additional ships, has been studied. Surprisingly, when the speed is reduced by 30%, fuel savings vary from 2% to 45% depending on ship type, size and weather conditions. Fuel savings further reduce when the auxiliary engines are considered.     

Using GPS-data to determine optimum electric vehicle ranges: A Michigan case study

Fuel-switching personal transportation from gasoline to electricity offers many advantages, including lower noise, zero local air pollution, and petroleum-independence. But alleviations of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are more nuanced, due to many factors, including the car’s battery range. We use GPS-based trip data to determine use type-specific, GHG-optimized ranges. The dataset comprises 412 cars and 384,869 individual trips in Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. We use previously developed algorithms to determine driver types, such as using the car to commute or not. Calibrating an existing life cycle GHG model to a forecast, low-carbon grid for Ann Arbor, we find that the optimum range varies not only with the drive train architecture (plugin-hybrid versus battery-only) and charging technology (fast versus slow) but also with the driver type. Across the 108 scenarios we investigated, the range that yields lowest GHG varies from 65 km (55+ year old drivers, ultrafast charging, plugin-hybrid) to 158 km (16–34 year old drivers, overnight charging, battery-only). The optimum GHG reduction that electric cars offer – here conservatively measured versus gasoline-only hybrid cars – is fairly stable, between 29% (16–34 year old drivers, overnight charging, battery-only) and 46% (commuters, ultrafast charging, plugin-hybrid). The electrification of total distances is between 66% and 86%. However, if cars do not have the optimum range, these metrics drop substantially. We conclude that matching the range to drivers’ typical trip distances, charging technology, and drivetrain is a crucial pre-requisite for electric vehicles to achieve their highest potential to reduce GHG emissions in personal transportation.     

套筒式收发球在天然气管道内检测中的应用

为解决特殊清管器和检测器以及有特殊结构收发球筒的管道难以实施内检测的问题,以某天然气管道为例,详细介绍了在多节检测器安装困难、收发球筒尺寸过短、附件安装位置不合适等限制条件下,采用套筒式收发球方式对管道进行收发球作业,安全顺利完成了管道内检测。结论认为套筒式收发球能够在不进行收发球筒改造的前提下,完成带有特殊结构收发球筒的管道内检测作业。     

The Alternative Motor Fuels Act, alternative-fuel vehicles, and greenhouse gas emissions

The corporate average fuel economy (CAFE) standard is the major policy tool to improve the fleet average miles per gallon of automobile manufacturers in the US. The Alternative Motor Fuels Act (AMFA) provides special treatment in calculating the fuel economy of alternative-fuel vehicles to give manufacturers CAFE incentives to produce more alternative-fuel vehicles. AMFA has as its goals an increase in the production of alternative-fuel vehicles and a decrease in gasoline consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. This paper examines theoretically the effects of the program set up under AMFA. It finds that, under some conditions, this program may actually increase the production of fuel-inefficient gasoline vehicles, gasoline consumption and greenhouse gas emissions.     

输气管道置换优化研究

置换是输气管道投产试运过程中的重要工艺环节,是复杂的扩散、对流过程。文中介绍了输气管道投产前用氮气置换空气的几种方法,阐述了它们的工作原理与实施步骤,对比分析了它们的优缺点,优选了置换方式,并采用Fluent流体模拟软件建立了输气管道氮气置换数学模型,进行了三维稳态和非稳态数值计算,研究了置换过程中混气段长度随管径、管长、流速变化规律,将理论推导、数值计算和现场数据进行了对比,验证了理论结果的正确性,为现场施工提供了科学依据。     

国产长输管道焊接施工装备研究

近年来,长输油气管道焊接施工装备技术快速发展,大量新型管道施工装备投入管道工程现场应用,比如管道全位置自动焊机、管道管端坡口机、管道内环缝自动焊机已被分别用于管口焊接、坡口加工、管口组对。在大厚壁、高钢级、大口径管道施工中,这些设备既提高了管道施工效率,也提高了管口的焊接质量。根据实际应用情况,阐述了前述设备的结构、性能和其他技术特点,以使相关技术人员对国产管道施工装备有进一步的认识。