Isocyanic acid and ammonia in vehicle emissions

Vehicles are considered to be an important source of ammonia (NH₃) and isocyanic acid (HNCO). HNCO and NH₃ have been shown to be toxic compounds. Moreover, NH₃ is also a precursor in the formation of atmospheric secondary aerosols. For that reason, real-time vehicular emissions from a series of Euro 5 and Euro 6 light-duty vehicles, including spark ignition (gasoline and flex-fuel), compression ignition (diesel) and a plug-in electric hybrid, were investigated at 23 and −7 °C over the new World harmonized Light-duty vehicle Test Cycle (WLTC) in the Vehicle Emission Laboratory at the European Commission Joint Research Centre Ispra, Italy. The median HNCO emissions obtained for the studied fleet over the WLTC were 1.4 mg km⁻¹ at 23 °C and 6 mg km⁻¹ at −7 °C. The fleet median NH₃ emission factors were 10 mg km⁻¹ and 21 mg km⁻¹ at 23 and −7 °C, respectively. The obtained results show that even though three-way catalyst (TWC), selective catalytic reduction (SCR), and NOx storage catalyst (NSC) are effective systems to reduce NOx vehicular emissions, they also lead to considerable emissions of the byproducts NH₃ and/or HNCO. It is also shown that diesel light-duty vehicles equipped with SCR can present NH₃ emission factors as high as gasoline light-duty vehicles at both, 23 and −7 °C over the WLTC. Therefore, with the introduction in the market of this DeNOx technology, vehicular NH₃ emissions will increase further.     

A low-cost video-based pavement distress screening system for low-volume roads

This study investigates the use of consumer-grade video camera to develop a low-cost pavement distress screening system, with a particular focus on low-volume roads. Due to the oblique view of video data captured in the car front, existing crack detection algorithms that are tailor-made for nadir view cannot be used directly. Instead, we propose and develop a Video-based PAvement Distress Screening (VPADS) system, which includes an automatic data processing workflow by first defining a Region of Interest (RoI) through robust line fitting of the two side lanes. The pavement condition can be assessed within the RoI by implementing a multi-scale ridge detection filter followed by a boundary contour analysis. Since the proposed VPADS system is designed for preliminary screening purpose, each video image scene is examined if there exists any potential crack or distress feature(s). We tested the proposed system on video data collected for two low-volume roads (Highway 624 and 668) in Northern Ontario region, Canada. The overall accuracy of detecting crack and distress features yielded 80%. Instead of replacing traditional field inspection or high-end multi-sensor pavement evaluation system, the proposed VPADS system aims to provide a computer-aided screening solution for transportation authorities of a vast rural road/highway network and with limited inspection budget. The scope of the work can be further expanded by developing a crowdsensing inspection network built by any regular road user, who can also act as a data provider for the regional/municipal pavement distress screening system.     

基于超声导波的钢桥面板纵肋对接焊缝疲劳裂纹检测方法

纵肋对接焊缝疲劳开裂作为钢桥面板结构的重要失效模式之一,严重危害桥梁结构耐久和安全运营。通过引入超声导波技术,结合对接焊缝的几何特点与疲劳失效特征,建立了基于超声导波的钢桥面板纵肋对接焊缝疲劳裂纹检测方法。首先搭建了超声导波裂纹检测试验系统,并结合钢桥面板纵肋对接焊缝疲劳试验,对超声导波检测纵肋对接焊缝裂纹的适用性和准确性进行了验证。在此基础上,通过数值分析方法探究了超声导波在纵肋对接焊缝局部区域的传播机制,并进一步分析了不同焊缝与裂纹参数对超声导波传播的影响规律。研究结果表明:采用超声导波方法能够有效检测钢桥面板纵肋对接焊缝的疲劳裂纹,并确定疲劳开裂的位置;超声导波有限元理论分析与试验测试结果符合较好,验证了有限元模型的正确性;采用单面激励的方式在纵肋中形成的超声导波包括A₀和S₀模态,其中A₀模态占主要部分,超声导波传递至焊缝形成的反射波以A₀模态为主,而较深裂纹形成的反射波以S₀模态为主;不同焊缝和裂纹参数对超声导波的反射波和透射波表现为差异性的影响。所采用的基于超声导波的对接焊缝疲劳裂纹检测方法,可为钢结构桥梁疲劳损伤的检测与监测提供科学依据。     

水工砼结构损伤诊断技术研究综述

简要阐述了水工砼结构损伤无损检测技术的发展现状,对各种损伤识别技术的特点及存在的问题进行了分析,提出了解决水工砼损伤识别问题的新思路.     

基于机器视觉的公路交通标志自动化巡检系统

针对既有交通标志巡检的调查手段和分析方法存在的成本高、效率低、精度低的弊端,提出了一种基于机器视觉的公路交通标志自动化巡检系统,实现对公路交通标志的移动式实时检测与分析。首先利用YOLO （You Only Look Once） 算法,将机器视觉技术运用到交通标志的检测中,加快了检测速度。然后给出了交通标志自动化巡检系统的系统构架、系统结构与功能及数据管理方案。最后利用该系统进行实测。实测结果显示,该自动化巡检系统能够准确地检测交通标志、道路标线及路面坑塘,具有较高的测试精度及较好的测试效果。     

超声波测距和汽车防撞雷达的设计

介绍一种基于单片机控制的超声波测距系统的软硬件构成、工作原理和误差分析。利用本系统及其设计方法可以开发汽车防撞雷达。     

应用于水运工程混凝土涂层测厚仪的精度分析

针对显微镜测厚仪和超声波涂层测厚仪在检测水运工程混凝土涂层厚度时都无法达到相关标准精度要求的问题,通过调研国内外相关规范对超声波涂层测厚仪精度的要求,选定±2μm与±5％两种精度要求,对实际厚度为53、129、252、492、2349μm的标准片进行厚度测量,并分析测量偏差值与精度要求间的关系.结果表明,±5％的精度要...     

小波分析和神经网络在超声波检测中的应用

疲劳断裂是港口起重机最常见,也是最危险的故障。超声波检测是一种重要的日常检测裂纹故障的方法。小波分析和人工神经网络的引入,让检测得到了从定性到定量的提高。运用小波分析从超声波检测装置提取的信号,得到的特征值可作为神经网络的输入参数,用于训练和识别。实践表明,通过这种智能诊断系统可以得到令人满意的定量的诊断结果。     

基于单路口感应控制系统的单位绿灯延时研究

在单路口感应控制系统中,单位绿灯延时对于感应信号控制的效率起决定性的作用,合理的单位绿灯延时可以消除为等待少数车辆而浪费的绿灯时间,使绿灯延时高效运行,从而可提高通行能力,降低延误,减少车辆追尾等交通事故的发生．比较了两种单位绿灯延时模型,并通过仿真分析给出对于感应控制系统比较有用的结论．     

异质结构焊缝检测的相控阵超声全聚焦算法优化

船舶异质结构焊缝检测的相控阵超声全聚焦算法信噪比高、适应性强，但该算法存在超大计算量和伪影等诸多问题。依据声束指向性提出该算法的优化方案。过滤非声束指向性声场中的重构点可大幅提升计算速度，并可优化相同路径默认调取全矩阵中同一幅值的伪影问题。将优化算法用于异质结构，获得高效高质量的检测结果，为满足铝钛钢复合接头大批量在线无损检测的工程需求提供思路。