Short-term forecasting of high-speed rail demand: A hybrid approach combining ensemble empirical mode decomposition and gray support vector machine with real-world applications in China

Short-term forecasting of high-speed rail (HSR) passenger flow provides daily ridership estimates that account for day-to-day demand variations in the near future (e.g., next week, next month). It is one of the most critical tasks in high-speed passenger rail planning, operational decision-making and dynamic operation adjustment. An accurate short-term HSR demand prediction provides a basis for effective rail revenue management. In this paper, a hybrid short-term demand forecasting approach is developed by combining the ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) and grey support vector machine (GSVM) models. There are three steps in this hybrid forecasting approach: (i) decompose short-term passenger flow data with noises into a number of intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) and a trend term; (ii) predict each IMF using GSVM calibrated by the particle swarm optimization (PSO); (iii) reconstruct the refined IMF components to produce the final predicted daily HSR passenger flow, where the PSO is also applied to achieve the optimal refactoring combination. This innovative hybrid approach is demonstrated with three typical origin–destination pairs along the Wuhan-Guangzhou HSR in China. Mean absolute percentage errors of the EEMD-GSVM predictions using testing sets are 6.7%, 5.1% and 6.5%, respectively, which are much lower than those of two existing forecasting approaches (support vector machine and autoregressive integrated moving average). Application results indicate that the proposed hybrid forecasting approach performs well in terms of prediction accuracy and is especially suitable for short-term HSR passenger flow forecasting.     

Development and validation of a direct mode choice model

A direct discrete mode choice model is introduced using relative attributes of competing modes as well as socioeconomic characteristics of travelers. The model is calibrated and validated for two available historic databases in the Dallas–Fort Worth region. The validation is conducted against the outputs of a current nested logit model used by the regional planning organization as well as the observed values based on transit ridership surveys for a newly inaugurated commuter rail service. The calibrated model is applied after the introduction of this new transit mode. The results show that the estimated mode shares by the proposed model have a statistically better consistency with the observed values than the estimates of the conventional nested logit model. Unlike the logit model, the structure of the direct model based on relative attributes also has the advantage of not needing recalibration each time a new travel mode is introduced. The model is found to be easier to calibrate and produces more accurate results than the nested logit model, commonly used by many metropolitan planning organizations.     

The impact of road traffic noise on urban protected areas: A landscape modeling approach

We modeled the propagation of traffic noise over the landscape and analyzed its impact on the structure and configuration of protected areas of the Twin Cities Metro Region, Minnesota. Using four noise thresholds, we found that at low and medium noise levels, 19% and 11% of the protected areas are within the road-effect zone. Using mean patch area and patch shape index, we measured the acoustic fragmentation of habitats. We found that at higher levels of noise patch shape index increased, while mean patch size decreased. The acoustic diversity of a patch is also found to be correlated with land cover type, patch area, and patch shape.     

关于《城市道路设计规范》部分条文的分析

《城市道路设计规范》（CJJ37—90）是目前我国城市道路设计的行业标准,其中的部分条文值得商榷．应予调整和补充。     

基于组合赋权-改进TOPSIS法的城市慢行三网融合评价方法

为解决城市绿道、滨水道路、市政慢行道路等城市慢行系统相互独立、衔接不畅的问题,针对现有研究缺乏三网融合水平评价的现状,研究了基于组合赋权-改进TOPSIS模型的三网融合评价方法。传统的TOP-SIS法采用理想解计算贴近度,没有考虑到异常值与实际情况,故运用基于高斯分布的离群点检测法处理极端异常值,建立了1个综合考虑三网融合水平的评价模型。以往路网评价通常是针对单个对象进行研究,而未考虑多个对象融合情况,因此在构建评价指标体系的过程中,根据三网融合因素、慢行道路网络出行特点、居民出行便利性等,并结合实地调查,选取网络连通性、可达性等相关的13个指标。为了避免单一赋权产生的偏重性,本文建立权重组合优化模型使层次分析法和熵权法确定的主客观权重与组合权重的偏离程度最小。本研究以朝阳区慢行系统网络为例进行验证分析,根据位置和功能,将其分成21个绿道段,得到21个评价对象的三网融合情况和综合排名。结果表明：相较于以往的慢行评价方法和经典的评价方法,该改进模型贴近度标准差为0.278,具有更好的区分度,能够更准确地识别影响三网融合程度的主要因素,并根据各个指标权重做出针对性的优化工作。该评价方法可作为提升绿道、滨水道路与市政慢行道路衔接效果的优化指导方法,促进三网融合与慢行道路网络优化。     

基于粒子群算法的城轨列车节能驾驶优化模型

为了降低城市轨道交通中列车在站间运行的能耗, 研究了列车的站间节能驾驶策略, 在考虑线路限速和坡度的情况下, 建立了时间约束下的列车节能优化模型, 采用粒子群算法优化目标速度序列得出了列车节能驾驶策略。节能驾驶优化方法通过2个阶段来实现, 第1阶段在站间运行时间不变的情况下, 采用粒子群算法优化了列车在站间的节能驾驶策略, 得到了运行时间和能耗的关系, 第2阶段在多站间总运行时间不变的前提下, 将运行时间进行重新分配, 得到了列车在全线运行的节能驾驶策略。以北京地铁亦庄线实际线路数据和车辆参数为基础, 对优化方法进行仿真验证。仿真结果表明: 经过第1阶段的优化, 列车在万源街-荣京东街的单站间运行能耗降低了6.15%, 经过第2阶段的优化, 列车在多站间总运行能耗降低了14.77%。可见, 优化模型可以有效降低列车的运行能耗, 为列车时刻表的编制提供依据。     

北京市城市轨道交通通勤大客流特征分析

分析了城市轨道交通通勤大客流的产生原因、特征及其主要表现.结合大客流对线网的影响作用,构建大客流指标体系,提出针对通勤大客流时空分布特征的评价分析方法;定义相对满载率,对大客流时空传播进行量化表征.基于北京市城市轨道交通运营统计数据,对北京市城市轨道交通早高峰通勤大客流的总体特征及时空变化进行分析,定位了发生大客流的线路、车站和断面,获取早高峰通勤大客流在规模、方向、时空分布等方面的基本规律.结果表明,换乘方向客流不均衡对换乘站大客流具有重要影响;最拥堵断面常分布于郊区线与主干线换乘点附近;换乘站较多的线路,拥挤持续时间较短且疏散较快.     

铁路枢纽内快运班列车流组织的鲁棒优化研究

针对当前生产运营中较少考虑货运站点货物需求不确定性以及客户对货物运到期限的要求,设计双层时空服务网络描述枢纽内快运班列车流组织过程.该网络分为货源层和编组层,货源层中带有方向别的车流选择延迟弧或运输弧在相应时段到达编组层中的编组站.同时考虑编组站办理方向总数和车流组织基本约束,构建了铁路枢纽内快运班列车流组织鲁棒优化模型(CR),使用IBMILOG Cplex软件对模型进行精确求解.通过算例和大规模测试进行验证分析,结果表明,当ω=0.03时,鲁棒模型的目标函数值比随机优化模型(CS)的目标函数值降低5.10%,发送车数提高5.66%,最长求解时间为82 s,鲁棒性强于随机优化模型.虽然确定性模型(CD)在—些情景下可以获得较优的解,但是在需求不确定的条件下,确定性模型目标函数值要差于随机优化模型和鲁棒模型.当枢纽内货运站点数设为50时,时空网络服务弧段数达317,模型的求解时间为1 375.4 s,在可以接受的时间范围内.     

独立轮对在轻轨车辆上的应用

同传统的轮对相比, 独立轮对由于具有横向稳定性好、磨耗小、噪声低、重量轻且易于实现整车低地板结构的特点, 近年来已在轻轨车辆上得到大量应用。简要地介绍了独立轮对特点及轻轨车辆发展概况, 着重讨论了独立轮对在轻轨车辆上的应用情况及发展前景。     

中低速磁浮交通道岔系统工程设计

道岔系统是保证中低速磁浮列车安全运行的重要转线系统.根据工程实际.对道岔系统的总体结构、组成及功能进行研究,详细分析道岔基础、轨排、接触轨、供电、控制系统,并提出工程实际中的设计计算方法和部分数据,论述道岔系统的设计思路、设计原则,以及工程实际中存在的问题.