Assessing the cost of transfer inconvenience in public transport systems: A case study of the London Underground

Few studies have adequately assessed the cost of transfers² in public transport systems, or provided useful guidance on transfer improvements, such as where to invest (which facility), how to invest (which aspect), and how much to invest (quantitative justification of the investment). This paper proposes a new method based on path choice,³ taking into account both the operator’s service supply and the customers’ subjective perceptions to assess transfer cost and to identify ways to reduce it. This method evaluates different transfer components (e.g., transfer walking, waiting, and penalty) with distinct policy solutions and differentiates between transfer stations and movements.The method is applied to one of the largest and most complex public transport systems in the world, the London Underground (LUL), with a focus on 17 major transfer stations and 303 transfer movements. This study confirms that transfers pose a significant cost to LUL, and that cost is distributed unevenly across stations and across platforms at a station. Transfer stations are perceived very differently by passengers in terms of their overall cost and composition. The case study suggests that a better understanding of transfer behavior and improvements to the transfer experience could significantly benefit public transport systems.     

Bicycling renaissance in North America? An update and re-appraisal of cycling trends and policies

This paper reviews trends in cycling levels, safety, and policies in Canada and the USA over the past two decades. We analyze aggregate data for the two countries as well as city-specific case study data for nine large cities (Chicago, Minneapolis, Montréal, New York, Portland, San Francisco, Toronto, Vancouver, and Washington). Cycling levels have increased in both the USA and Canada, while cyclist fatalities have fallen. There is much spatial variation and socioeconomic inequality in cycling rates. The bike share of work commuters is more than twice as high in Canada as in the USA, and is higher in the western parts of both countries. Cycling is concentrated in central cities, especially near universities and in gentrified neighborhoods near the city center. Almost all the growth in cycling in the USA has been among men between 25-64 years old, while cycling rates have remained steady among women and fallen sharply for children. Cycling rates have risen much faster in the nine case study cities than in their countries as a whole, at least doubling in all the cities since 1990. They have implemented a wide range of infrastructure and programs to promote cycling and increase cycling safety: expanded and improved bike lanes and paths, traffic calming, parking, bike-transit integration, bike sharing, training programs, and promotional events. We describe the specific accomplishments of the nine case study cities, focusing on each city’s innovations and lessons for other cities trying to increase cycling. Portland’s comprehensive package of cycling policies has succeeded in raising cycling levels 6-fold and provides an example that other North American cities can follow.     

Much Ado about Nothing? - An analysis of economic impacts and ecologic effects of the EU-emission trading scheme in the aviation industry

From 2012 on, all CO₂ emissions from flights departing from or arriving at airports within the European Union have to be offset. We analyze the economic and ecological impacts that are caused by an inclusion of the aviation industry into the proposed emissions trading scheme (ETS). Building on the now fixed system design we employ a simulation model to estimate the impacts of the scheme. Our results indicate that financial impacts are highly dependant on external settings, such as allowance prices and demand growth. We show that the financial burden on the aviation industry will be rather modest in the first years after the introduction of the system and therefore induce only low competition distortions. Likewise, emission reductions within air transportation will be comparably low. While aviation will induce a decline of emissions in other sectors, significant absolute reductions within air transportation can only be reached by a more restrictive system design.     

煤气管道穿孔泄漏原因分析及建议

文中研究目的是确定城市杂散电流对钢质管道的干扰及其影响,通过现场检测管道的腐蚀状况及测试杂散电流状况进行课题研究.在现场检测过程中,发现所研究的管道在不到10 m的长度上有7处穿孔、14处严重腐蚀坑(深度大于3 mm).针对这一特殊的事故情况,结合收集的相关资料和现场检测情况,分析了事故原因,综合分析管道的腐蚀原因及杂...     

事故树分析法在城市轨道交通事故分析中的应用

从系统工程学的角度出发,将广泛应用于系统安全研究中的事故树分析方法应用到城市轨道交通事故分析中。分析城市轨道交通运营事故中脱轨这一典型事故。通过分析引起列车脱轨事故各个因素,得出城市轨道交通脱轨事故的发生概率较小,预防和控制难度较大的结论。该研究有助于城市轨道交通运营公司对引起该事故发生的各个因素提高警惕意识,也为运营安全管理工作提供理论依据。     

城市交通拥堵分析及对策研究

从宏观、中观、微观层次分析导致城市拥堵的原因,倡导可持续的城市交通发展政策,以交通管理、交通供给、交通需求为出发点,提出深化交通体制改革与加强智能信息管理,增加道路有效供给与提升停车管理,构建快速公交系统与加强汽车需求管理,并结合土地利用、城市规划与交通建设协调发展提出建议。     

轨道交通对城市影响的模糊综合评价

随着城市规模的扩展,各大城市都将城市轨道交通提上了建设日程。土地的集约利用,使得临线两侧的住宅开发增多,住宅区与线路的亲密接触,又使得轨道交通对城市的影响日益凸显。考虑房地产价格、轨道交通沿线其它经济因素、建设期对环境影响、运营期对环境影响、社会效益5个影响因素,建立因素集。备择集主要包含轻微影响、较小影响、较大影响和严重影响4个评判等级,通过德尔菲法确定各影响因素的权重,建立权重集。确定单个评判对象对备择集的隶属程度,得到单因素评价集,建立评价矩阵。最后,建立模糊综合评价集,对轨道交通城市影响进行评价。     

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公路客运快递依托客运线路采用直达模式进行运输获得了较好的经济效益,但直达模式却制约着其运输网络的能力和结构. 为提高运输网络的能力,完善运输网络结构,发挥公路客运时效性好的优势,本文提出转运的思想,并用优化模型设计公路客运快递的运输网络,使快件运输时间最小化. 优化模型是带有时间窗的运输网络设计问题,传统算法难以求解,因此用蚁群算法进行求解. 算例分析表明,基于优化模型设计的运输网络可以节省快件的运输时间,提高公路客运快递的运输能力.     

平面交叉口渠化设计方法研究

平面交叉口交通组织优化是缓解大城市交通拥堵的关键.针对北京市交叉口渠化问题,总结阐述平面交叉口的典型渠化设计问题及相应措施,以HCM中交叉口通行能力计算流程为基础,结合北京市某大型交叉口调研数据,利用VISSIM软件构建交叉口仿真模型,并对比分析改善措施实施前后相关交通运行评价参数.仿真分析表明,通过移除占路线杆,并渠...     

典型客流密集区的非机动车停放组织优化方法研究

机非混行是我国道路交通的一大特性,非机动车在城市交通中的地位不容忽视.本研究主要关注在典型的客流密集区的非机动车停放管理,其中典型地点如城市轨道交通换乘枢纽、公园、医院等公共服务性较强的客流发生吸引源.通过总结客流密集区的非机动车停放存在的问题,提出对应的可实施措施.在北京市城铁五道口附近非机动车停放改善中,通过设置双...