考虑车轮谐波磨耗的动车组车轴疲劳寿命

以CRH380BL型高速动车组为研究对象,基于车轮谐波磨耗的实测结果,建立刚性轮轨、刚性轮柔性轨、柔性轮刚性轨以及柔性轮轨4种不同轮轨关系下的车辆-轨道耦合动力学模型,通过对比分析4种模型的轮轨振动特性,得到最能反映真实情况的轮轨耦合动力学模型;基于车轴受力分析,采用有限元软件ANSYS进行车轴静强度计算;采用多体动力学软件计算考虑车轮谐波磨耗的车轴载荷时间历程;根据疲劳累积损伤理论,采用FE-SAFE软件分析考虑车轮谐波磨耗的车轴疲劳寿命。结果表明:柔性轮轨关系更能反映轮轨的真实接触状态;车轴轮座内侧圆弧过渡处的应力最大,为114.4 MPa;考虑车轮谐波磨耗的车轴疲劳寿命约为19.2 a;车轮谐波磨耗导致轮轨振动加剧,对车轴疲劳寿命产生明显不利的影响。     

Non-exhaust particle emissions under various driving conditions: Implications for sustainable mobility

Non-exhaust particle (NEP) emissions from road traffic contribute significantly to Particulate Matter (PM) pollution in urban areas. The primary objective herein is to develop the knowledge required to move toward more sustainable mobility. NEP emissions are studied by means of complementary experiments on chassis dynamometers, on test tracks and at the roadside. Laboratory tests demonstrate that brake wear particles (BWP) emissions can change with braking force and frequency. A brake pad temperature threshold exists, above which the rate of ultrafine particle emissions is quite high. Below this threshold, the BWP emissions are dominant in the accumulation and coarse modes. Test track measurements have demonstrated that tire-road contact particle (TRCP) emissions considerably modify the atmospheric PM background especially for the supermicron fraction. Their number size distribution highlighted an ultrafine and accumulation modes centered at about 40 nm and 200 nm, respectively. The TRCP level increases with vehicle speed and during the acceleration and deceleration phases. Roadside measurements in the urban environment confirm the presence of NEP in significant proportions, in both the accumulation and coarse modes. The chemical composition of NEP differs depending on the size mode: BWP mainly stem from the degradation of brake pad lining materials, while TRCP are a mixture of tire tread wear and re-suspended dust. The presence of Fe-rich particles nevertheless serves as a good indicator of the NEP contribution to PM at the roadside. Lastly, in considering the parameters influencing NEP emissions, a series of recommendations are offered in order to achieve a more sustainable mobility.     

基于单片机的刹车片温控及变薄报警系统设计

设计一种基于单片机的刹车片温控及变薄报警装置。采用K型热电偶监测刹车片温度,并将检测到的温度信息通过变换器MAX6675传给AT89C51单片机,当单片机检测到刹车片温度高于400℃时,控制刹车片冷却模块对刹车片进行冷却；当刹车片温度低于250℃时,冷却模块停止工作。当置于刹车片摩擦材料内的钨丝被磨断时,单片机控制报警单元报警。     

Establishment of Model for Tire Steady State Cornering Properties using Experimental Modal Parameters

Modeling of tire cornering properties using experimental modal parameters is studied. With tire lateral experimental modal parameters, the distribution of side force and lateral deformation under total adhesive and sliding conditions are obtained. Side force, self-aligning, cornering stiffness and relaxation length under different loads and friction coefficients are also calculated. The calculated results are in correspondence to experimental results in the references qualitatively. The non-dimensional side force obtained from the calculated results is compared with the Fiala model, its modified expression by experiments and also the widely used empirical Magic Formula model. The calculated results tally well with the fitted results obtained using Magic Formula model. It can be seen that the tire steady state cornering model using experimental modal parameters proposed in this paper is better for an in-depth study of tire natural characteristics, and the labored experimental work can be avoided.     

An investigation into the mechanism of the polygonal wear of metro train wheels and its effect on the dynamic behaviour of a wheel/rail system

This paper presents a detailed investigation conducted into the mechanism of the polygonal wear of metro train wheels through extensive experiments conducted at the sites. The purpose of the experimental investigation is to determine from where the resonant frequency that causes the polygonal wear of the metro train wheels originates. The experiments include the model tests of a vehicle and its parts and the tracks, the dynamic behaviour test of the vehicle in operation and the observation test of the polygonal wear development of the wheels. The tracks tested include the viaducts and the tunnel tracks. The structure model tests show that the average passing frequency of a polygonal wheel is approximately close to the first bending resonant frequency of the wheelset that is found by the wheelset model test and verified by the finite element analysis of the wheelset. Also, the dynamic behaviour test of the vehicle in operation indicates the main frequencies of the vertical acceleration vibration of the axle boxes, which are dominant in the vertical acceleration vibration of the axle boxes and close to the passing frequency of a polygonal wheel, which shows that the first bending resonant frequency of the wheelset is very exciting in the wheelset operation. The observation test of the polygonal wear development of the wheels indicates an increase in the rate of the polygonal wear of the wheels after their re-profiling. This paper also describes the dynamic models used for the metro vehicle coupled with the ballasted track and the slab track to analyse the effect of the polygonal wear of the wheels on the wheel/rail normal forces.     

Development and validation of a wear model for the analysis of the wheel profile evolution in railway vehicles

The numerical wheel wear prediction in railway applications is of great importance for different aspects, such as the safety against vehicle instability and derailment, the planning of wheelset maintenance interventions and the design of an optimal wheel profile from the wear point of view. For these reasons, this paper presents a complete model aimed at the evaluation of the wheel wear and the wheel profile evolution by means of dynamic simulations, organised in two parts which interact with each other mutually: a vehicle's dynamic model and a model for the wear estimation. The first is a 3D multibody model of a railway vehicle implemented in SIMPACK?, a commercial software for the analysis of mechanical systems, where the wheel–rail interaction is entrusted to a C/C++user routine external to SIMPACK, in which the global contact model is implemented. In this regard, the research on the contact points between the wheel and the rail is based on an innovative algorithm developed by the authors in previous works, while normal and tangential forces in the contact patches are calculated according to Hertz's theory and Kalker's global theory, respectively. Due to the numerical efficiency of the global contact model, the multibody vehicle and the contact model interact directly online during the dynamic simulations.

The second is the wear model, written in the MATLAB® environment, mainly based on an experimental relationship between the frictional power developed at the wheel–rail interface and the amount of material removed by wear. Starting from a few outputs of the multibody simulations (position of contact points, contact forces and rigid creepages), it evaluates the local variables, such as the contact pressures and local creepages, using a local contact model (Kalker's FASTSIM algorithm). These data are then passed to another subsystem which evaluates, by means of the considered experimental relationship, both the material to be removed and its distribution along the wheel profile, obtaining the correspondent worn wheel geometry.

The wheel wear evolution is reproduced by dividing the overall chosen mileage to be simulated in discrete spatial steps: at each step, the dynamic simulations are performed by means of the 3D multibody model keeping the wheel profile constant, while the wheel geometry is updated through the wear model only at the end of the discrete step. Thus, the two parts of the whole model work alternately until the completion of the whole established mileage. Clearly, the choice of an appropriate step length is one of the most important aspects of the procedure and it directly affects the result accuracy and the required computational time to complete the analysis.

The whole model has been validated using experimental data relative to tests performed with the ALn 501 ‘Minuetto’ vehicle in service on the Aosta–Pre Saint Didier track; this work has been carried out thanks to a collaboration with Trenitalia S.p.A and Rete Ferroviaria Italiana, which have provided the necessary technical data and experimental results.     

CuSn合金接触线的特性研究

从耐摩性、抗拉强度等几个方面阐述了0.3%CuSn合金接触线具有的综合性能,引导新型接触线在我国的推广与应用。     

广州地铁二号线列车受电弓碳滑板异常磨耗分析

分析了可能造成广州地铁二号线列车受电弓碳滑板出现异常磨耗问题的原因,确定造成碳滑板异常磨耗的因素主要包括:接触网布置的均匀性及受电弓弓头结构、升弓保持力等。     

单轨刚性接触网不均匀磨耗分析及对策

从接触网的角度,对单轨接触网在运行过程中受电弓滑板及接触线出现不均匀磨耗的原因进行分析,并提出相应对策,包括刚性接触网布置方法对磨耗的影响及改进、接触网安装精度对受电弓的影响.在车辆受电弓性能一定的情况下,通过对接触网的改进,减少不均匀磨耗的出现,改善弓网关系,延长受电弓滑板和接触线的使用寿命.     

复杂地质条件下TBM刀具失效形式及原因分析与应对措施

为研究分析复杂地质条件、不合理掘进参数等与TBM刀具异常损坏、刀具消耗的关系，以利于TBM掘进效率和施工成本的控制，在系统阐述TBM刀具常见失效形式的基础上，研究分析总推力、刀盘转速、刀具贯入度等掘进参数及不同围岩单轴抗压强度、石英质量分数等地质参数对刀具磨损及异常损坏的影响规律。以引汉济渭秦岭隧洞和中天山隧道工程为例，对刀具消耗及失效形式进行统计分析，并从刀具选型、检查及维修等方面，提出针对性的优化方法。最后，基于目前刀具配置及监测技术存在不足的现状，提出应进一步研发刀间距可调的刀具配置技术，以确保不同地质条件下的刀具破岩效率；同时，加强对TBM工作环境具有较强适应性的新型刀具状态监测系统的研发及应用。