Application of new parameterizations of gas transfer velocity and their impact on regional and global marine CO2 budgets

One of the dominant sources of uncertainty in the calculation of air–sea flux of carbon dioxide on a global scale originates from the various parameterizations of the gas transfer velocity, k, that are in use. Whilst it is undisputed that most of these parameterizations have shortcomings and neglect processes which influence air–sea gas exchange and do not scale with wind speed alone, there is no general agreement about their relative accuracy.The most widely used parameterizations are based on non-linear functions of wind speed and, to a lesser extent, on sea surface temperature and salinity. Processes such as surface film damping and whitecapping are known to have an effect on air–sea exchange. More recently published parameterizations use friction velocity, sea surface roughness, and significant wave height. These new parameters can account to some extent for processes such as film damping and whitecapping and could potentially explain the spread of wind-speed based transfer velocities published in the literature.We combine some of the principles of two recently published k parameterizations [Glover, D.M., Frew, N.M., McCue, S.J. and Bock, E.J., 2002. A multiyear time series of global gas transfer velocity from the TOPEX dual frequency, normalized radar backscatter algorithm. In: Donelan, M.A., Drennan, W.M., Saltzman, E.S., and Wanninkhof, R. (Eds.), Gas Transfer at Water Surfaces, Geophys. Monograph 127. AGU,Washington, DC, 325–331; Woolf, D.K., 2005. Parameterization of gas transfer velocities and sea-state dependent wave breaking. Tellus, 57B: 87–94] to calculate k as the sum of a linear function of total mean square slope of the sea surface and a wave breaking parameter. This separates contributions from direct and bubble-mediated gas transfer as suggested by Woolf [Woolf, D.K., 2005. Parameterization of gas transfer velocities and sea-state dependent wave breaking. Tellus, 57B: 87–94] and allows us to quantify contributions from these two processes independently.We then apply our parameterization to a monthly TOPEX altimeter gridded 1.5° × 1.5° data set and compare our results to transfer velocities calculated using the popular wind-based k parameterizations by Wanninkhof [Wanninkhof, R., 1992. Relationship between wind speed and gas exchange over the ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 97: 7373–7382.] and Wanninkhof and McGillis [Wanninkhof, R. and McGillis, W., 1999. A cubic relationship between air−sea CO2 exchange and wind speed. Geophys. Res. Lett., 26(13): 1889–1892]. We show that despite good agreement of the globally averaged transfer velocities, global and regional fluxes differ by up to 100%. These discrepancies are a result of different spatio-temporal distributions of the processes involved in the parameterizations of k, indicating the importance of wave field parameters and a need for further validation.     

高桩码头完好状态的模糊综合评估

根据高桩码头结构特点和功能特征,建立了包括指标层、准则层和目标层的多层评估模型。利用模糊综合评估将影响高桩码头安全运行的各个因素有机地结合起来,再根据经验所得到的判断矩阵,利用matlab软件编制出的层次分析法计算程序确定各个部分的权重,经过模糊运算得出高桩码头的状态评估结果。以天津港高桩码头为研究背景进行实用分析,结果表明这种方法具有一定的实际应用价值。     

遥感图像融合最新进展及展望

文章综述了遥感图像融合的基本概念,研究了遥感图像融合的分类及常用方法,对遥感图像融合评价进行了探讨,系统深入地分析了遥感图像融合面临的问题,指出了未来的发展趋势及解决问题的方向。     

An algorithm for oceanic front detection in chlorophyll and SST satellite imagery

An algorithm is described for oceanic front detection in chlorophyll (Chl) and sea surface temperature (SST) satellite imagery. The algorithm is based on a gradient approach: the main novelty is a shape-preserving, scale-sensitive, contextual median filter applied selectively and iteratively until convergence. This filter has been developed specifically for Chl since these fields have spatial patterns such as chlorophyll enhancement at thermohaline fronts and small- and meso-scale chlorophyll blooms that are not present in SST fields. Linear Chl enhancements and localized (point-wise) blooms are modeled as ridges and peaks respectively, whereas conventional fronts in Chl and SST fields are modeled as steps or ramps. Examples are presented of the algorithm performance using modeled (synthetic) images as well as synoptic Chl and SST imagery. After testing, the algorithm was used on > 6000 synoptic images, 1999–2007, to produce climatologies of Chl and SST fronts off the U.S. Northeast.     

影响交叉口控制方式选择的主要因素的筛选与权重分析

城市平面交叉口是城市道路网络的基本节点,对其实施舍理的控制,是解决交叉口问题的关键。影响交叉口控制方式选择的因素很多,因此必须对各种影响因素做出筛选,找到主要的影响因素,才能合理地确定控制方式。相关的研究成果可以应用于交叉口的改造．并为交叉口的综合效益分析奠定基础。     

基于FWD的旧水泥混凝土路面实测数据分析

根据某旧水泥混凝土路面改建时的FWD检测数据,研究了旧层状体系路面的评价方法及模量反算。分析弯沉盆面积对旧路状况进行评价的实用性。通过理论回归和神经网络的反算,比较普通网络与噪音网络的反算能力,提出人工神经网络实现模量反算的关键技术。     

圆电极电磁流量计干标定模型及仿真

目前在电磁流量计的干标定研究中，为方便公式推导，通常将实际的圆电极简化为方电极模型．这种简化在电极尺寸较大时，会引入不必要的计算误差，影响流量计的标定精度．本文从圆电极模型出发，论述了其对应权重函数的计算过程．并针对大尺寸圆电极模型进行理想化计算，得到其点电极模型，并运用此模型进行了仿真研究．     

浅谈公路环评解译工作中遥感影像的选择

对目前公路环评解译工作中常用的TM、SPOT5、QUICK BIRD等影像在分辨率、波谱特征和经济性等方面进行了对比,得知TM影像在分辨率、波谱特性、价格方面均满足公路环评工作的需要,是适合公路环评工作的卫星影像。并以神池至河曲高速公路所在地区的TM影像为例,运用Chavezetal提出的最佳指数法得到了该区域解译的最优波段组合。     

公路软基处理方案多层次模糊综合评判方法研究

模糊决策理论和层次分析法是系统工程理论中对非定量问题分析的实用决策方法。本文将模糊理论和层次分析法二者相结合,对影响软土地基处理方案选择的各因素进行分析,确定了评判层次和影响因素,其中,评语隶属度采用模糊理论确定,各影响因素的权值采用层次分析法确定;建立了公路软土地基处理方案选择的多层次模糊综合评判模型,成功地解决了多因素影响下的软基处理方案优选问题,并通过实例进行了验证。验证结果表明,所采用的方法是合理可行的。     

公路工程评标的熵权群组决策法

通过分析常用评标方法的优缺点，运用群组决策特征根法得到理想专家的评判矩阵作为专家组的统一意见，再将熵权与理想专家的主观权重相结合，从而选出最优方案，并举例说明该方法使评标过程更加公正科学。